Learn: Cardiovascular and Respiratory Terms | Quizlet

Cardiac Output

Heart Rate × Stroke Volume

Stroke Volume

Amount of blood pumped per beat (SV = EDV - ESV)

End Diastolic Volume (EDV)

Amount of blood in ventricle before contraction (preload)

End Systolic Volume (ESV)

Amount of blood left in ventricle after contraction

Ejection Fraction (EF)

Percentage of blood ejected (SV / EDV)

Preload

Amount of stretch on the ventricle before contraction (related to EDV)

Afterload

Pressure the heart must overcome to eject blood

Contractility

Force of heart contraction

Frank-Starling Mechanism

More filling (EDV) leads to stronger contraction and higher SV

Heart Rate (HR)

Number of beats per minute

Cardiac Output (CO or Q)

Amount of blood pumped per minute

Resting Cardiac Output

~5 L/min

Pulse Pressure (PP)

Systolic BP - Diastolic BP

Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)

DBP + 1/3(PP)

Rate Pressure Product (RPP)

HR × SBP (heart workload)

Systolic Blood Pressure (SBP)

Pressure during heart contraction

Diastolic Blood Pressure (DBP)

Pressure during heart relaxation

Effect of Exercise on SBP

Increases with intensity

Effect of Exercise on DBP

Stays same or slightly decreases

Fick Equation

VO2 = Q × a-vO2 difference

a-vO2 Difference

Amount of oxygen extracted by tissues

Effect of Exercise on HR

Increases linearly

Effect of Exercise on SV

Increases early, then plateaus

Effect of Exercise on CO

Increases with intensity

Effect of Exercise on a-vO2 diff

Increases with exercise

Cardiovascular Drift

HR increases and SV decreases during prolonged exercise

Cause of CV Drift

Dehydration and increased body temperature

Vasodilation

Widening of blood vessels

Vasoconstriction

Narrowing of blood vessels

Cause of Vasodilation in Muscle

Low O2, high CO2, low pH, nitric oxide

Skeletal Muscle Pump

Muscle contractions help return blood to heart

Respiratory Pump

Breathing helps move blood back to heart

Acute Response

Immediate change during exercise

Chronic Adaptation

Long-term change from training

Effect of Training on Resting HR

Decreases

Effect of Training on Stroke Volume

Increases

Effect of Training on Blood Volume

Increases

Effect of Training on VO2max

Increases

Effect of Training on a-vO2 diff

Increases

Max Heart Rate with Training

Stays same or slightly decreases

Heart Rate Recovery

Faster with training

Ventilation

Movement of air in and out of lungs

Respiration

Gas exchange in the body

External Respiration

Gas exchange between lungs and blood

Internal Respiration

Gas exchange between blood and tissues

Cellular Respiration

Use of oxygen by cells to produce energy

Minute Ventilation (VE)

Tidal Volume × Breathing Rate

Tidal Volume (TV)

Amount of air per breath

Dead Space

Air not involved in gas exchange

Anatomical Dead Space

Air in airways not used for gas exchange

Physiological Dead Space

Total air not used for gas exchange

Surfactant

Reduces surface tension in alveoli

Boyle's Law

Pressure and volume are inversely related

Dalton's Law

Total pressure = sum of partial pressures

Oxygen Transport

Mostly bound to hemoglobin

Carbon Dioxide Transport

Mostly as bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Bohr Effect

Lower pH and higher temp = more O2 released

Hypoxia

Low oxygen levels

Hypercapnia

High carbon dioxide levels

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath

Hyperventilation

Rapid breathing

Valsalva Maneuver

Forced exhale against closed airway

Oxygen Deficit

O2 demand > O2 supply at start of exercise

EPOC

Elevated oxygen use after exercise

Ventilatory Threshold

Point where ventilation increases rapidly

VE/VO2

Ratio of ventilation to oxygen consumption

VE/VCO2

Ratio of ventilation to carbon dioxide production