Anatomy Chapter 4 Flashcards

What are the 4 basic types of tissues

• Epithelial: covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body caivties, ducts, and forms glands

  • Found at boundary btwn 2 environments

  • always has a free surface

  • Little to no EC matriz

• Connective: Protects, supports and binds organs; stores E as fat, provides immunity

• Muscular

• Nervous: generates nerve impulses

What are the 2 general types of epithelium

• Covering and lining epithelium

  • Covers outer surfaces: skin

  • Lines inner surfaces: stomach

• Glandular Epithelium

  • Forms most glands of the body: sweat glands, oil glands, etc

What are some special features of Epithelia

• High cellularity

• Specialized contacts

• Polarity

  • Apical surface: faces body surface

  • Basal surface: adheres to basement membrane

• Support by connective tissue: Basement membrane

• Avascular

• Nervous innervation

• High Regeneration

What are two 2 layers of the basement membrane

The basement membrane has 2 layers

• The basal laminal is secreted by the epithelium

• The reticular lamina is part of the underlying connective tissue

Identify this type of Epithelium

• Simple Squamous Epithelium: allows for diffusion most readily

  • Kidney glomeruli, air sacs of lungs, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, serosae

Identify this type of Epithelium

• Simple Cuboidal Epithelium: secretion and absorption

  • kidney tubules, ducts, ovary surface

Identify this type of Epithelium

• Simple Columnar Epithelium: absorption, secretion of mucus, enzymes and other substances; ciliated type propels mucus

  • Nonciliated type: digestive tract, gallbladder, ducts

  • Ciliated type: bronchi, uterine tubes

Identify this type of Epithelium

• Pseudostratified columnar: all cells attached to basement membrane; secretion, particularly of mucus and propulsion of mucus

  • Repoductive tracts of males, parts of upper respiratory tract

Identify this type of Epithelium

• Stratified Squamous Epithelium: protects underlying tissues in areas subjected to abrasion

  • Nonkeratinized type: moist linings of esophagus, mouth, and vagina

  • Keratinized type: skin

Identify this type of Epithelium

• Statified cuboidal: protection (rare)

  • Largest ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands

Identify this type of Epithelium

• Stratified columnar epithelium: protection, secretion (rare)

  • small amounts in male urethra and in large ducts of some glands

Explain the differences btwn the 3 types of cell junctions

• Tight Junctions: impermeable; prevents molecules from passing through intercellular space

  • Interlocking junctional proteins fuses plasma membrane of 2 cells together

• Desmosomes: Anchoring junctions; form internal tension-reducing network of fibers

  • Linker glycoproteins (cadherins) interdigitize like a zipper

  • Intermediate filament (keratin)

• Gap Junctions: allow for intercellular communication;

  • channel between cells is called a connexon

What are the 2 classifications of Glands

• Endocrine Glands: Hormones are released directly into ECF and then diffuse into blood stream without a duct

  • Secretions = hormones

  • Effector organs are far away

• Exocrine Glands: Secretions flow onto body surfaces or into cavities; secretions act locally

  • Multicellular: multiple cells form a gland

  • Unicellular: one-celled gland

    • Ex: Globlet cells: produce mucin which is a glycoprotein

      • Mucin + water = mucus

Explain the general characteristics and different types of multicellular exocrine glands

• Duct: form passageway of the exocrine gland

• Secretory units: secrete product

• Simple: Duct does not branch

• Compound: duct does branch

• Branched: many branches of secretory structure

• Tubular: tubular secretory structure

• Alveolar: spherical secretory structure

Explain the general characteristics of Connective Tissue

• Connective tissue is the most diverse and abundant type of tissue

• Few cells

• Lots of EC Matrix

  • Ground substance (gel)

  • fibers: collagen, elastic, reticular

What are the main types of Connective Tissue Cells

All Connective Tissues come from a common embryonic origin: Mesenchyme

• Immature Cells of each type of CT have names that end in -blast; retain capacity for mitosis & secrete the matrix

  • Fibroblasts: losse and dense CT Proper

  • Chondroblasts: in cartilage

  • Osteoblasts: in bone

• Mature cells have reduced capacity for cell division; mostly involved in matrix maintenance

  • Fibrocyte

  • Chondrocyte

  • Osteocyte

What are other tissue cells in Connective Tissue

• Adipocytes (fat cells)

• Mast cells: produce histamine (increase blood flow) and heparin (prevents blood clotting)

• White Blood Cells: immune response; Neutrophils and Eosinophils

• Macrophages: engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis

• Plasma cells: secrete antibodies

Explain in detail the Connective Tissue Matrix

Matrix contains protein fibers embedded in a fluid, gel, or solid ground substance

• Ground substance: material that fills space btwn cells and fibers

  • functions to support and bind cells, store H2O, and act as a medium for exchange btwn blood and cells

  • Combination of proteins and polysaccharides

• Fibers: provides strength and support for tissues

  • Synthesized by fibroblasts

  • Collagen: tensile strength

    • Largest in diameter, strongest

  • Elastic: recoil

    • Intermediate diameter, branches form networks

  • Reticular Fibers: support

    • smallest diameter, special collagen fibrils, cluster into networks

How does Scurvy Happen

Vitamin C is necessary for cross-linkage of callagen Fibrils to make collagen fibers

• Collagen helps: hold teeth in place, reinforce blood vessels, wound healing

Identify this type of Tissue

• Connective Tissue Proper Loose Areolar: gel like matrix w all 3 fiber types

  • Wraps and cushions organs, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid

  • Widely distributed under epithelia of body. Forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs, surrounds capillaries

Identify this Tissue Type

Connective Tissue Proper Loose Adipose: gel like matrix w all 3 fiber types; very sparse fibers; closely packed adipocytes have nucleus pushed to side by large fat droplet

• Under skin of hypodermis, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts

Identify this tissue type

Connective Tissue Proper Loose Reticular: loose network of reticular fibers in a gel-like substance; reticular cells lie on the fibers

• Bibers form a soft internal skeleton (stroma) that supports other cell types including WBC's, mast cells, and macrophages

• Lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen

Identify this type of Tissue

Connective Tissue Proper Dense Regular: primarily parallel collagen fibers; major cell type is fibroblast

• withstands great tensile stress when pullling force is applied in one direction

• Tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses

Identify this type of Tissue

Connective Tissue Proper Dense Irregular: primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers; some elastic fibers; defense cells and fast cells also present

• Able to withstand tension exerted in many directions

• Fibrous capsules of organs and of joints; dermis of skin; submucosa of digestive tract

Identify this Type of Tissue

Connective Tissue Proper: Dense elastic: dense regular connective tissue containing a high proportion of elastic fibers

• Allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood through arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration

• Walls of large arteries, within cerain ligaments of vertebral column; within walls of the bronchial tubes

Identify this type of tissue

Hyaline Cartilage: Amorphous but firm matrix; collegen fibers form an inperceptible network; chondroblasts produce matrix while chondrocytes lie in lacunae

• Supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress

• Forms most of embryonic skeleton; covers long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose trachea and larynx

Identify this type of Tissue

Elastic Cartilage: similar to hyaline cartilage but more elastic fibers in matrix

• Maintains the shape of a structure while allowing great flexibility

• Supports the external ear (pinna), epiglottis

Identify this type of tissue

Fibrocartilage: matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate

• Tensile strength with the ability to absorb compressive shock

• Intervertebral discs; pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint

Identify this type of tissue

Bone: hard calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized

• Hard calcified matrix forms lamellae: surrounding central canal

• Central canal has blood vessels

Identify this type of Tissue

Skeletal muscle; Long cylindrical multinucleate cells; obvious striations

Identify this type of tissue

Cardiac muslce; Branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells that inerdigitize at specialized junctions called intercalated discs

Identify this type of tissue

Smooth Muscle: spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets

Classify diferent tissues by their regenerative capacities

• Good regenerators: bone, areolar and dense irregular CT, blood

• Mediocre regenerators: smooth muscle, dense regular CT

• Poor Regenerators: skeletal muscle, tendons, ligaments, cartilage

• Almost no regeneration: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue