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Ad Hominem
Attacking the person instead of addressing the argument.
Ad Populum (Bandwagon Appeal)
Arguing that something is true because many people believe it.
Appeal to False Authority
Citing an unqualified person as an authority on a subject.
Argument
A set of statements or reasons supporting a claim.
Assumption
An unstated belief or idea that supports an argument.
Backing
Additional support or evidence for an argument.
Deduction
Reasoning from a general principle to a specific case.
Circular Reasoning
Restating the argument instead of proving it.
Warrant
The logical connection between a claim and its evidence.
Claim
The main assertion or position in an argument.
Claim of Fact
A claim that asserts something is true or false.
Claim of Policy
A claim that argues for a change in policy or action.
Claim of Value
A claim that argues something is good, bad, right, or wrong.
Classical Oration
A structured argument format including introduction, narration, confirmation, refutation, and conclusion.
Closed Thesis
A thesis that lists specific points the essay will cover.
Rebuttal
A response that counters an argument.
False Dilemma
Presenting only two options when more exist.
Syllogism
A logical structure with a major premise, minor premise, and conclusion.
Faulty Analogy
A weak comparison between two things.
Hasty Generalization
Drawing a conclusion based on insufficient evidence.
Induction
Reasoning from specific cases to a general conclusion.
Logical Fallacy
An error in reasoning that weakens an argument.
Open Thesis
A thesis that doesn’t list all points explicitly.
Qualifier
A word that limits a claim.
Straw Man
Misrepresenting an argument to make it easier to attack.
Reservation
Recognizing limitations in an argument.
Quantitative Evidence
Data-based evidence using numbers.
Alliteration
Repetition of the same initial consonant sound.
Personification
Giving human traits to non-human things.
Allusion
A reference to a famous person, event, or work.
Rhetorical Question
A question asked for effect, not for an answer.
Anaphora
Repetition of words at the beginning of successive clauses.
Antimetabole
Repeating words in reverse order.
Antithesis
Contrasting ideas in parallel structure.
Archaic Diction
Old-fashioned language.
Asyndeton
Omission of conjunctions.
Cumulative Sentence
A sentence that begins with the main idea and adds details.
Hortative Sentence
A sentence that encourages action.
Imperative Sentence
A command or request.
Inversion
Reversing the normal word order.
Juxtaposition
Placing contrasting ideas close together.
Metaphor
A direct comparison between two things.
Oxymoron
A phrase with contradictory words.
Parallelism
Similar structure in a series of words or phrases.
Periodic Sentence
A sentence where the main clause comes at the end.
Synecdoche
A part representing the whole.
Zeugma
One word used in two different ways.
Audience
The intended readers or listeners.
Pathos
Emotional appeal.
Rhetorical Triangle
The relationship between ethos, pathos, and logos.
Concession
Acknowledging an opposing point.
Persona
The speaker’s character.
SOAPS
Speaker, Occasion, Audience, Purpose, Subject.
Connotation
The implied meaning of a word.
Polemic
A strong argument against something.
Context
The situation surrounding a text.
Propaganda
Biased or misleading information.
Text
Any written or spoken work.
