Pharmacology - Perfusion and Clotting Review

Pharmacology flashcards focusing on perfusion and clotting concepts and drugs.

Beta-blockers

Drugs ending in -olol; examples include Propanolol and atenolol

ACE inhibitors

Drugs ending in -pril; examples include Lisinopril and captopril

Calcium channel blockers

Drugs ending in -pine or -amil; example is verapamil

Angiotensin II receptor antagonists (ARBS)

Drugs ending in -sartan; examples include Losartan and valsartan

Anticoagulants (Factor Xa inhibitors)

Drugs ending in -xaban; example is Apixaban

Low-molecular-weight-heparin (LMWH)

Drugs ending in -parin; example is Heparin

Thrombolytics

Drugs ending in -teplase or -ase; example is Alteplase

Antiarrhythmics

Drugs ending in -arone; examples include Amiodarone and dronedarone

Beta Blockers MOA

Decreases HR; reduces secretion of renin; long-term use causes reduced PVR

Beta Blockers Indications

HTN, Angina, Dysrhythmias, MI (Cardioprotective effects), Migraine headaches, essential tremors and stage fright

Beta Blockers Contraindications

Asthma, Systolic HF, Serious conduction disturbances, DM II, PVD

Beta Blockers Adverse Effects

Bradycardia, hypotension, AV block, Hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia, Hyperlipidemia

Beta Blockers Nursing Considerations

Monitor pulse rates daily, hold medication if systolic BP is less than 100 mm Hg, instruct patients to report dizziness or fainting, never abruptly discontinue.

Calcium Channel Blockers MOA

Cause smooth muscle relaxation by blocking calcium binding, preventing muscle contraction; causes coronary artery vasodilation, reduces workload of heart, decreases BP

Calcium Channel Blockers Indications

HTN (Amlodipine), Angina, Dysrhythmias, Migraine headaches, Raynaud’s disease

Calcium Channel Blockers Contraindications

Known drug allergy, Acute MI, Second- or third-degree AV block, Hypotension

Calcium Channel Blockers Adverse Effects

Hypotension, Palpitations, Tachycardia or bradycardia, Constipation, nausea, dyspnea

Calcium Channel Blockers Nursing Considerations

Constipation is a common problem; avoid hot tubs and jacuzzi; hold dose is systolic BP is less than 100.

ACE Inhibitors MOA

Interferes with the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAAS) system; induces aldosterone secretion

ACE Inhibitors Indications

HTN, Heart Failure, renal protective effects in DM

ACE Inhibitors Contraindications

Systolic HF, Serious conduction disturbances, Asthma patients, DM II, PVD

ACE Inhibitors Adverse Effects

Angioedema, Hyperkalemia, Dry non-productive cough, Fatigue, Dizziness, headache, Mood changes, Impaired taste

ARBs MOA

Blocks the binding of all to the type 1 receptors; blocks vasoconstriction and the secretion of aldosterone

ARBs Indications

HTN, Heart failure

ARBs Contraindications

Renal or hepatic dysfunction, Breastfeeding or pregnancy

ARBs Adverse Effects

Chest pain, fatigue, hypoglycemia, diarrhea, UTI, anemia, weakness, hyperkalemia

ARBs Nursing Considerations

Monitor for hypotension; do not use with ibuprofen because it enhances hypotension

Nitrates/Nitrites MOA

Causes vasodilation; relaxes smooth muscle to help with dilation of the coronary arteries

Nitrates/Nitrites Indications

Angina, Treatment of HF, Acute MI, Hypertensive emergencies

Nitrates/Nitrites Contraindications

Known drug allergy, Severe anemia, hypotension, head injury, Erectile dysfunction drugs

Nitrates/Nitrites Adverse Effects

Headaches, Reflex tachycardia, Postural hypotension, Skin irritation with topical application

Vasodilators MOA

Relax arteriolar or venous smooth muscle and decreases SVR, afterload and peripheral vasodilation

Vasodilators Indications

Hypertension

Vasodilators Contraindications

Allergy, hypotension, cerebral edema, head injury, Acute MI or CAD

Vasodilators Adverse Effect Examples

Hydralazine, Minoxidil, Sodium nitroprusside

Digoxin MOA

Control ventricular response to atrial fibrillation

Digoxin Indications

Heart Failure

Digoxin Contraindications

Hypersensitivity, Ventricular tachycardia, Atrial fibrillation

Digoxin Adverse Effects

Dysrhythmias, CNS effects, Visual changes, GI effects, Digoxin Toxicity

Amiodarone MOA

Control ventricular response to atrial fibrillation

Amiodarone Indications

Dysrhythmias

Heparin MOA

Inhibit clotting factors Thrombin and Xa

Heparin Indications

Prevention of blood clots

Warfarin MOA

Inhibits production of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors II, VII, IX, and X

Warfarin Indications

Prevents blood clot formation

Clopidogrel MOA

Inhibits platelet aggregation by irreversibly inhibiting the binding of ATP to platelet receptors

Alteplase MOA

Converts plasminogen to plasmin, which breaks down or lyses the thrombus.

HMG-CoA Reductase Inhibitors MOA

Decreases production of LDL, increases production of HDL

Furosemide Indications

Pulmonary edema, Edema associated with HF, Liver disease--Ascites, Nephrotic syndrome, HTN