HA E2 CH8

nutrition

science of nutrients in food and their actions in the body

-growth, maintenance, repair

weight gain

when caloric intake exceeds caloric expenditure over time and typically appears as increased body fat

weight loss

-decreased intake of food for such reasons as anorexia (lack or loss of appetite for food)

-dysphagia (difficulty or discomfort in swallowing)

-vomiting, diarrhea, inability to absorb nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract

-increased metabolic needs,

allergies to foods,

-problems with chewing, dislike of foods, and/or peer pressure.

-Poor food choices, inability to cook or poor cooking habits, lack of access to food stores, or lack of financial resources may also cause nutrition problems.

vitamin

micronutrient, organic compounds

minerals

micronutrient, inorganic element

carbohydrates

-main energy source

-4kcal/g

-simple and complex carbs

-stored as glycogen in liver and muscle 

simple carbs

quick digesting sugars for fast energy

-blood sugar spike and crash

complex carbs

slow digesting starches and fibers for steady energy (full longer)

proteins

-4kcal/g

-growth and repair

-made up of amino acids

fats

-9 k/cal (highest energy yeild)

-saturated and unsaturated, trans fats

-essential fatty acids

saturated fat

carbon chains saturated with hydrogen

-increases cholesterol

unsaturated fat

-double bonds with no hydrogen, decreases cholesterol

trans fats

artificallky made through oils the make solid (increases LDL, decreases HDL)

LDL

bad cholesterol

HDL

good cholesterol

omega 3

-essential fatty acid

-anti-inflammatory

-support heart, brain, joint health

omega-6

-essential fatty acid

-pro-inflammatory

vitamins

organic compunds

-vision clotting, energy metabolism

—> fat soluble: ADEK

—> water soluble: C, B-Complex

minerals

inorganic compounds

-support bone health, nerve conduction, oxygen transpo

major minerals 

calcium, potassium, sodium

trace minerals (microminerals: minerals your body needs but in very small amounts)

iron, zinc, iodine

Energy Balance

calories in vs calories out

-Physical activity and thermogenesis (energy use, BMR)

Basal metabolic rate (BMR)

number of calories your body needs to stay alive and function at rest

-aka: bodies “idle speed”, heart beating, breathing

-60-75% of total daily calorie burn

-more muscle=higher BMR

water

~60% body weight in adult

-essential nutrient that maintains homeostasis (temp)

-transports nutrients and waste

-lubricate joints and tissues

-aid digestion and absorption

daily fluid requirements

-average adult 2-3 L a day

-Varies with activity, environment, health status

-Fluid from beverages and food

signs of dehydration

-Thirst, dry mouth, decreased urine output

-Dark urine, fatigue, dizziness

-Severe: confusion, hypotension, tachycardia

-Skin turgor and tenting

signs of overhydration

Headache, nausea

-Confusion, seizures

- Hyponatremia (low sodium)

populations at risk for fluid imbalance

-Infants & children

- Older adults

-Hospitalized/critically ill patient

albumin

test for long term protein status

—> low levels: prolonged malnutrition

prealbumin

-test for short term protein status

-low levels= short term malnutrition

transferrin

-test for bodies ability to transport iron

-high levels: iron deficiency (body is trying to carry more iron)

-low levels: malnutrition, liver disease, or protein loss.

hemoglobin

Protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

hematocrit

Percentage of blood made up of red blood cells

anorexia 

Starving → dangerously low weight

-terror of gaining weight causes restricted calories

-in denial

bulimia

Binge + purge → normal weight but serious internal damage

-russell sign: rashes, abrasions on knuckles due to frequent purging

binge eating

Binge only → overweight and emotional distress