Coordination and Response Lecture Review

A complete set of practice flashcards covering nervous system anatomy, reflex arcs, eye accommodation, pupil reflex, and endocrine hormones from the lecture notes.

What components make up the central nervous system and peripheral nervous system?

The central nervous system is made up of the brain and the spinal cord, while the peripheral nervous system is mainly made up of nerves.

What functions and actions are associated with the Cerebrum?

The Cerebrum is the largest part of the brain, involved in memory, learning, reasoning, conscious thought, feelings, and emotion. It coordinates voluntary actions (like running, walking, dancing, and playing soccer) and balances the body (such as when riding a scooter or bicycle).

Which involuntary actions are regulated by the Medulla oblongata?

The Medulla oblongata regulates involuntary actions such as heart rate, breathing rate, sneezing, swallowing, vomiting, and salivation.

What are the functions of the Hyperthalamus?

The Hyperthalamus regulates body temperature and water balance in the body, and it also controls the endocrine system.

How does the Pituitary gland regulate other endocrine glands?

The Pituitary gland regulates the activities of other endocrine glands by releasing hormones that control growth, reproduction, metabolism, water balance, and the body's response to stress.

What is the function of a sensory neuron?

A sensory neuron transmits nerve impulses from distance organs or receptors to the central nervous system.

What is the role of Ruline Rounds according to the transcript?

Ruline Rounds transmits nerve impulses from the sensory neuron to the motor neuron.

What is the function of a motor neuron?

A motor neuron transmits nerve impulses from the central nervous system to the effectors, meaning the glands and muscles.

What is a reflex action, and why is it involuntary?

A reflex action is a rapid automatic response to a stimulus. It is involuntary because it occurs without conscious control to protect the body from danger.

What pathway does a nerve impulse follow in a reflex arc?

A reflex arc starts at a receptor, travels via a sensory neuron to the spinal cord or brain, crosses to a relay neuron, and leaves the spinal cord via a motor neuron which carries the impulse to an effector such as a muscle.

How are Spanial reflexes defined and what are some examples?

Spanial reflexes are reflex actions controlled by the spinal cord. Examples include pulling back your hand when touching a hot object, knee jerk reflex, and jumping when accidentally stepping on a pin.

How are Cranial reflexes defined and what are some examples?

Cranial reflexes are reflex actions controlled by the brain that eventually occur in the head. Examples include pupil reflex, blinking of an eye, and salivation.

How do antagonistic muscles work together, using the arm as an example?

Antagonistic muscles are a pair of muscles working in opposite directions. When picking up an object, the biceps contract and the triceps relax; when letting go, the triceps contract and the biceps relax.

What is a synapse?

A synapse is a gap between two neurons or like the axon terminals.

What is the specific definition of sense organs given in the lecture?

Sense organs are groups of receptor cells responding to specific stimuli.

How does the iris adjust the pupil in bright light versus dim light?

In bright light, circular muscles contract and radial muscles relax to decrease pupil size. In dim light, radial muscles contract and circular muscles relax to increase pupil size.

How does the eye adjust when focusing on a distant object?

Ciliary muscles relax, pulling the suspensory ligaments taut, which pull on the lens to make it thin and long, increasing its focal length so light rays focus sharply onto the retina.

How does the eye adjust when focusing on a near object?

Ciliary muscles contract, pushing on suspensory ligaments which push on the lens, making it short and thick and decreasing its focal length so light rays focus sharply on the retina.

What specific definition is provided for a hormone?

A hormone is a chemical substance produced by a gland, carried by the blood which alters the activity of two or more specific target organs and is then destroyed by the liver.

What is the role of Adrenaline?

Adrenaline is one of the stress hormones that prepares the body to act for survival when one is anxious or in danger.