Endocrine System CCMA

Pancreas

Located in upper abodmen

Maintain blood glucose levels through secretion of insulin

Pituitary gland

Present below hypothalamus & is a pea-sized gland

Secretes hormones that regulate endocrine glands

Compromise posterior/anterior lobes

Hypothalamus

in the inferior mid portion of the brain/serves as a major connection between nervous and endocrine system

controls action of the pituitary gland

Thyroid

present in anterior neck & butterfly shaped

TSH stimulated thyroid gland to secrete t3, t4

responsible for metabolism regulation (____ gland hormones)

Pineal gland

deep within brain, excretes melatonin

parathyroid gland

@ dorsal of thyroid

releases PTH, calcitonin → regulate Ca2+ levels within blood

Thymus gland

Behind upper portion of sternum & secretes hormones involved in T-cell prod

present @ birth, becomes bigger with age atrophies @ puberty

Adrenals

@ top of each kidney, triangular shaped

outer (adrenal cortex), inner (adrenal medulla)

produces hormones to modulate stress response

reproductive

male/female gonads produce sex hormones

AP produces hormones that include…

GH, TSH, ACTH, PRL, FSH, LH

Posterior Pituitary secretes…

Oxytocin and ADH

Oxytocin

assists in contraction of uterus duiring labor and helps stimulate breast milk flow during feeding

ADH

acts on kidneys and regulates fluid/electrolyte balance

adrenal cortex secretes

cortisol, aldosterone, adrenal androgens

adrenal medulla secretes

epinephrine, norepinephrine, adrenaline to moderate activation of body stress response

testosterone

promotes sperm production

regulates development of 2nd sex traits

facial/pubic hair

estrogen/progesterone reg. breast tissue development and other sexual traits

regulate menstruation & have important roles in pregnancy

hormones of pancreas

insulin/glucagon help maintain normal blood glucose level & reserve glucose for energy

Endocrine glands secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream.

T

How do hormones reach their target cells?

Endocrine glands that secrete the hormone also have target cells.

What regulates hormone production?

Feedback systems

Endocrine control

Nervous stimulation

Which gland is referred to as the “master gland”?

Pituitary

Which is an example of a negative feedback system?

An endocrine gland responds to a hormone imbalance.

How do hormones act on specific target cells?

Target cells allow the hormone to enter the cell and affect cellular function.

How do hormones reach their target cells?

Endocrine glands secrete the hormone, which then attaches to receptor cells.

How do hormones act on specific target cells?

Target cells allow the hormone to enter the cell and affect cellular function.

Posterior pituitary secretes

ADH, regulates fluid balance

Insufficient production or no production of ADH results in

Diabetes insipidus

What are symptoms of Diabetes insipidus?

Polyuria, nocturne, high [] of blood plasma

What are some symptoms of acromegaly?

Coarse skin

Enlarged tongue

Excessive body hair

Addison’s disease

Insufficiency of iodine, atrophy of thyroid gland, underporudciton of thyroid hormones

Severe/chronic hypothyroidism

myxedema

Hyperthyroidism symptoms

weight loss, tachycardia, sweating, goiter expothalmia

Addison’s disease caused by

insufficiency of adrenal glands

characterized by hypoglycemia

GI disturbances and fatigue

• characterized by fatigue, weight gain, hair loss, a slower pulse rate, a lowered body temperature, muscle cramps, menorrhagia, and thick, dry, puffy skin.

Hypothyroidism

What clinical manifestations are the results of decreased thyroid hormone production?

Fatigue, menorrhagia, muscle crams

What causes Addison’s disease?

Adrenal insufficiency

Diabetes mellitus

insufficient insulin production / resistance @ target cells

Diabetes mellitus type 1

in young children/adults

need insulin injections daily

DM Type 2

adult-onset / insulin-depedentn diabetes

slow onset of hyperglycemia

gestational diabetes

insulin resistance at cellular level causing hyperglycemia

What are characteristics of all types of diabetes mellitus?

Glycosuria

Polyphagia

Hyperglycemia

Carb metabolism issues

Which type of diabetes has an acute onset, usually in children?

Diabetes type I

What symptoms are created by a lack of ADH?

Severe dehydration

Excess urine output

High blood Na+ levels

Decreased renal tubule permeability

Which portion of the pituitary gland produces ADH?

Posterior

What potentially fatal complication requires close monitoring of a patient with diabetes insipidus?

Increased blood Na+ → can lead to severe dehydration / electrolyte imbalance

What condition occurs when there is an overproduction of growth hormone?

acromegaly

What conditions occur as a result of advanced acromegaly?

heart failure

diabetes mellitus

What are dietary sources of iodine?

table salt, saltwater fish

What are symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

mental disorders

moon face

What condition is caused by an autoimmune reaction that affects the adrenal cortex?

Addison’s disease

Which of the following can contribute to the development of Cushing’s syndrome?

Corticosteroids

Pituitary tumors

What are common symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

Fatigue

Polydipsia

Skin infections

What factors increase the risk of an individual developing diabetes mellitus?

Obesity

Heredity

Physical inactvity

Autoimmune reaciton

What is a risk factor in developing gestational diabetes?

obesity

Women who develop gestational diabetes are at an increased risk of developing what type of diabetes within 5–10 years?

Type 2 Diabetes

What are symptoms of Cushing’s syndrome?

Moon face

Buffalo hump

Mental disorders

Which of the following can contribute to the development of Cushing’s syndrome?

Corticosteroids

Pituitary tumors

What are common symptoms of diabetes mellitus?

Fatigue

Polydipsia

Skin infection

Visual disturbances

What are considered risk factors for developing type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Family history

Physical inactivity

Gestational diabetes

Diabetic retinopathy

hyperglycemic episodes → damage retina BV

requires annual eye exams to diagnose prevent risk of glaucoma/cataracts

diabetic nephropathy

Type I DM patients have increased risk

Albuminuira diagnosis this

Further progression of disease → can cause kidney failure, requires dialysis

Diabetic neuropathy

most common complication affecting most diabetic patients

Lose ability to react to injury (loss of sensation)

Macrovascular disease

Atherosclerotic changes in heart BV

Small artery damage

→ amputation

What is the most common complication of chronic diabetes?

Neuropathy

Which test is most effective in assessing the effectiveness of long-term diabetes treatment?

The glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) test is the most effective test for assessing the effectiveness of long-term diabetes treatment.

Which part of the education plan relates to safety for patients with chronic diabetes?

Medic Alert bracelet should be worn to alert any responder to an emergency situation that the patient is diabetic.

If hypoglycemia occurs as an acute complication of diabetes, what are the appropriate steps in treatment?

Insert 3 glucose tablets

Administer provider-injected glucagon

Wait 15 minutes; recheck glucometer reading

After symptoms have been relieved, eat a regular meal

If a patient’s blood sugar drops too low, what is the priority in treatment?

Immediately replacing glucose

What are symptoms of hypoglycemia?

Coma

Confusion

Diaphoressi

What factors increase the risk of infection in diabetics?

Glucose-rich environment

Atherosclerotic blood vessels

Impeded related of WBCS

What factors contribute to the development of diabetic retinopathy?

Hyperglycemic episodes damaging the blood vessels

What might an MA expect if a diabetic patient has a wound on his foot?

delayed wound healing