BIO 106: EXAM 3

Chapters 7 and 10

DNA

nucleic acid composed of nucleotides

what are the parts of nucleotides

sugar, phosphate group, and a nitrogen base

what kind of sugar is in a DNA nucleotide?

deoxyribose

What are the nitrogen base groups made of?

two purines and two pyrimidines

DNA purines

adenine and guanine

DNA pyrimidines

cytosine and thymine

What kind of pyrimidine can only be found in DNA?

thymine

Is DNA double or single stranded?

double

do DNA strands run in opposite or the same direction?

opposites

DNA strands are _____ to each other; not exactly alike.

complimentary

DNA
A = _____

T

DNA
T = ____

A

DNA
C = _____

G

DNA
G = _____

C

DNA strands are held together by _____ bonds.

hydrogen

What makes up the backbone of DNA strands?

sugar/phosphate group

Identify the nucleotide parts.

B: phosphate
A: Sugar
C: nitrogen base

Where is DNA located?

in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

____ is the storage of genetic info.

DNA

Replication

DNA makes an exact copy of itself before new cells are made

T/F: DNA can replicate

true

T/F: DNA cannot mutate

false

Mutation:

a change in the original lineup or order of DNA

T/F: DNA does not undergo transformation

false

Transformation:

the introduction of new DNA into a bacteria cell

transfection:

introduction of new DNA in eukaryotic cells

Who discovered DNA transformation, but he did not know it was DNA that was transforming?

Griffith

Who concluded that DNA is the transforming principle in Griffith's experiments?

Avery and McCarthy

Who concluded that DNA, not protein, is responsible for storing genetic info?

Hershey and Chase

Who discovered DNA's complimentary pattern?

Chargaff

Who discovered that DNA is in the shape of a double helix?

Watson and Crick

Who discovered the semi-conservative replication of DNA?

Stahl

Semi-conservative replication of DNA:

each DNA double helix is composed of an old strand and new strand

DNA replication:

makes an exact copy of itself

When does DNA replication occur?

before cellular reproduction

Where does DNA replication occur?

inside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells

how many phases can DNA replication go through?

3

put the phases of DNA replication in order.

1. DNA helicase
2. DNA polymerase
3. DNA ligase

DNA helicase

unravels DNA in double helix

DNA polymerase

adds free complementary nucleotides to each DNA

DNA ligase

seals DNA fragments on one DNA strand

RNA:

nucleic acid that is composed of nucleotides

What are the parts of RNA

sugar
phosphate group
nitrogen base

What kind of sugar does RNA have?

ribose

RNA purines

adenine and guanine

RNA pyrimidines

cytosine and uracil

What kind of pyrimidine can only be found in RNA?

uracil

RNA
A = ____

U

RNA
G = ____

C

RNA
C = _____

G

RNA
U = ____

A

transcription

DNA makes RNA

Translation

RNA makes proteins

every gene will have ____ alleles- Mendel

2

law of segregation:

alleles will separate during meiosis

law of independent assortment:

allele separation is completely random

One allele is _____ (mask/hides the expression of another allele), and one allele is _______ ( masked/hidden in the presence of another allele).

dominant
recessive

individuals are ________ (having same alleles for a gene) or ______ (having different alleles for a gene)

homozygous
heterozygous

multiple alleles

many genes will have this because of mutations

co-dominance

2 dominant alleles being expressed equally

what is an example co dominance?

ABO blood type

incomplete dominance

dominant allele does not completely hide the recessive allele

What is an example of incomplete dominance?

pink flowers

polygenetic inheritance

many genes control one physical characteristics

What is an example of polygenetic inheritance?

eye color

pleiotropy

one piece of DNA controlling many physical characteristics

Dominant

capital; always shows up

recessive

lowercase; only shows up by itself

homozygous

use same letters; same uppercase or lowercase

heterozygous

uses different letters; uppercase first and lowercase after