t Bacteria that become resistant to first-line 3-lactam drugs, do so by which mechanism of resistance?

inactivation of antibiotics

(SELECT ALL THAT APPLY) Which of the following antibiotic categories inhibit protein synthesis?

Macrolides, aminoglycosides, lincosamides

Which of the following antibiotic categories inhibit peptidoglycan crosslinking?

B lactams

What is the Minimum Lethal Concentration (MLC) for the following broth dilution assay?

PIC need more info. Not enough provided

What is the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) for the following broth dilution assay?PIC 1

The plated organism has greatest resistance to which of the labeled discs?PIC. D

Which principle of antibiotics states that they should have greater harm to microbes than to humans?

selective toxicity

These chemical disinfectants disrupt membranes and can be used as antiseptics or mouthrinses.

Bisguanides

This level of disinfectant is registered for use on inanimate objects in hospitals and has potency against HIV and HBV.\

Low level disinfectant

Non-enveloped viruses are MORE RESISTANT to disinfection compared to enveloped viruses.

TRUE

The use of chemicals to reduce bacteria on inanimate surfaces to levels considered safe for public health.

Sanitization

What is used as a biological monitor for proper sterilization.

spores

Which of the following are the settings for sterilization via gravity displacement autoclave?

121 c, 15 psi, 15 mins

Which of the following is NOT considered a method to achieve sterilization?

Pasturization

What is the process of removing or killing most microorganisms on or in a material?

Disinfection

What is the name of inanimate objects that can be involved in indirect contact transmission of infectious diseases?

Fomites

Which type of media restricts growth of some bacteria, but allows growth of others?

Selective media

Which type of bacteria are capable of growth and reproduction in low temperatures?

Psychrophiles

Which of the following is the bacterial growth phase where the population is actively doubling?

Exponential log

What is the name of an outer covering of bacteria (usually polysaccharide) that protects the bacteria from phagocytosis?

Capsule

What is the most likely outcome of exposure to a pathogen based on the Iceberg concept?

Exposure without infection

Which type of organism has a thick layer of peptidoglycan?

Gram positive bacterium

Gram-positive bacterium has 2 lipid bilayer membranes.

FALSE

Which type of microbe has endotoxin?

Gram Neg

An infection that occurs more often or is more severe in people with weakened immune systems is call a(an):

opportunistic infection

microbe capable of causing disease is called:

pathogen

Which type of microbe is ALWAYS an obligate intracellular parasite?

Viruses

A _____ is defined as a microbe that is capable of causing host damage.

Pathogen

___are small, extrachromosomal DNAs that code for nonessential, but important, information including antibiotic resistance genes and virulence factors.

Plasmids

Bacterial growth map

___are used as a biological monitor to ensure that sterilization has occurred.

Spore

___ radiation, like UV light, has low penetrating power, but can approach sterilization with long enough exposure times.

Nonionizing

____an inanimate object (e.g. doorknob) that may be involved in indirect.

Formite

___media allows for distinction between two bacteria without altering their growth rate.

Differential

____is the polymer that makes up the bacterial cell wall.

Peptidoglycan

___is used to sterilize heat sensitive liquids and disinfect air in hospital isolation units and industrial clean rooms through physical removal of microbes.

Filtratio

Fungi are ____ organisms that contain____ in their cell wall.

Eukaryotic, chitin

Which type of bacteria have an inner and outer membrane?

Only Gram-negative bacteria

____occurs when the healthy microbiome shifts to an abnormal microbiome and often results in developmental disease.

Dysbiosis

____clusters of microorganisms that stick to surfaces.

Biofilms

____is the collection of genomes from all the microorganisms in a defined environment.

Microbiome

____the process of removing or killing most microorganisms on or in a material.

Disinfection

___philes include most of the medically important bacteria because they grow best at physiological temperature (37 C).

Meso

Bacteria in a biofilm are ____resistant to antibiotics than bacteria that are in their planktonic form.

MORE

To achieve a countable number of colonies on a plate from a concentrated sample/bacterial culture, we must perform a series of ___ dilutions.

1:10

Settings for a gravity displacement autoclave for sterilization are: degrees Celsius, psi, time.

121 C, 15psi, 15 mins

a term that means able to cause disease.

Pathogen

_are generally considered low-level disinfectants. However, if you combine them with alcohol, they become tuberculocidal and virucidal against enveloped viruses, but are not sporicidal. .

quats

infection is one that is limited to a small area of the body. .

localized

Which of the following is LESS LIKELY to remain infectious after passing through the low pH of the stomach?

Enveloped viruses

are highly toxic disinfectants that have broad spectrum activity. They are tuberculocidal, but are not sporicidal. They function by disrupting cell walls, membranes, and precipitating proteins. After use, they have residual biocidal activity but film can accumulate on surfaces.

Phenolic

the capacity of a pathogen to cause disease in a host.

Virulence

Polypeptide antibiotics, like polymyxin B and bactitracin, function by inserting into and disrupting bacterial _.

Membrane

is a sterilant gas that has a high capacity for penetration and is suitable for materials that cannot be exposed to moisture or heat.

ethylene oxide

the time between exposure of a host to a pathogen and the onset of signs and symptoms.

Incubation period

disinfectants have efficacy demonstrated against Salmonella enterica, Staphylococcus.

Hospital

disinfectants are registered as hospital disinfectants with additional potency against HIV and HBV.

Low level.

---

-is a halogen antimicrobial that oxidizes and denatures proteins and can be used as a topical antiseptic.

chlorine

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is primarily resistant to methicillin via production of an efflux pump to excretes the antibiotic from its cytoplasm.

false

_means bacteria "in the blood".

Bacteremia

are used as biological monitors of autoclave sterilization efficacy.

Spores

Ciprofloxacin is a ——antibiotic that targets DNA gyrase and thus inhibiting DNA replication in bacteria.

Fluoroquinolones

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is primarily resistant to methicillin via spontaneous mutation of penicillin-binding proteins, leading to a change in the target binding site of the antibiotic.

False

_disinfectants inactivate vegetative bacteria, mycobacteria, fungi, all viruses, and spores.

High level disinfectant.

_are a group of chemical disinfectants that disrupt membranes and can be used as antiseptic and mouthwashes.

Bisguanides

enzymes that bacteria like Staphylococcus aureus make that cleave and inactivate first line penicillin drugs.

B lactamases

infection that is acquired during a hospital stay or an infection that occurs in a hospital is referred to as a _ infection.

Nosocomial

Which of the following is usually MORE RESISTANT to disinfection?

Non enveloped.

Which of the following can have activity against non-enveloped viruses like Adenovirus or Norovirus?

Ethyl alcohol

% is the best microbicidal concentration of alcohols.

70

disinfectants are registered as hospital disinfectants with potency against HIV, HBV and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but are not effective against bacterial spores.

Intermediate

Which of the following is has an outermost covering that is made primarily of lipids? .

Enveloped

_are organic substances that can sterilize by crosslinking protein molecules and disrupting enzymes. Some are capable of killing spores but it takes at least 10 hours of contact.

Aldehyde

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus is primarily resistant to methicillin via production of an enzyme that cleaves and inactivates methicillin.

False

infection is one that is normally present only in animals but may be spread to humans or may readily be exchanged between the two. .

Zoonotic

Trimethoprim is an antibiotic that inhibits the synthesis of.

Folic acid.

Beta-lactam antibiotics have a Beta-lactam ring structure that binds to beta lactase inhibitors their ability to crosslink peptidoglycan.????

pathogen is one that does not normally cause disease in a healthy host, but can cause disease when normal functions are compromised.

Opportunistic

low level disinfectant

Quants

intermediate level disinfectant

quant-alchols,

alcohols

iodophors

high level disinfectant

gluteraldeyhde,

peracidic acid

ethylene oxide

phenolics levels

low-intermediate

hydrogen peroxide levels

low-high

chlorine compound levels

intermediate to high

disrupt cytoplasmic membrane

bisguanides,

quants

disrupt proteins

halogens, and peroxygen

disrupt DNA

ethylene oxide

dsirupt cytoplasmic membrane AND proteins

phenolics and alcohols

disrupt proteins AND dna

aldehydes

inhibitions of cell wall synthesis

pencillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems

inhibitions of nucleic acids (RNA)

rifampin

inhibition of protein sythesis

chloramphenicol,

tetracyclins,

macrolides (erthromycin)

Lincosamides (clindamycin)

aminoglycosides

inhibition of nucleic aicd (DNA)

fluoroquinolones,

methronidazole

inhibits cytoplasmic membrane

Polymixcin B,

bacitracin

competitive inhibition

trimethoprim (folic acid)