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BMI (body mass index)
a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters
BMI of 18.5- 24.9
normal BMI
BMI 25-29.9
overweight BMI
Body fat calipers
measure the width of skin folds at precise body sites
Ghrelin
hunger hormone
Leptin
hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used
Chronic dieting syndrome
A cyclic pattern of weight loss by dieting followed by rapid weight gain; this abnormal psychophysiologic food pattern becomes chronic, changing a person's natural body metabolism and relative body composition to the abnormal state of metabolically obese person of normal weight
negative energy balance
the state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss
Dumping syndrome
Rapid emptying of gastric contents into small intestines. Client experience ab pain, nausea, vomiting, explosive diarrhea, weakness, dizziness, palpitations & tachycardia.
Orlistat (Xenical, Alli)
Blocks fats from being absorbed into the body aiding weight loss
gastric banding
a surgical means of producing weight loss by restricting stomach size with a constricting band
gastric bypass
surgical treatment for obesity; portion of stomach is stapled off and bypassed so that it holds less food
Underweight BMI
less than 18.5
3500 calories
1 pound of body weight
gastric sleeve surgery
a bariatric surgical procedure that removes part of the stomach leaving a thin vertical sleeve about the size of a banana. The smaller stomach restricts the amount of food that can be consumed at one session and therefore reduces caloric intake
body composition
the ratio of body fat to lean body tissue, including muscle, bone, water, and connective tissue such as ligaments, cartilage, and tendons
hydrostatic weighing
underwater technique to assess body composition; considered the most accurate of the body composition assessment techniques
Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)
A method of assessing body composition by running a low-level electrical current through the body.
Bod Pod or Air Displacement
Measuring body mass using volume of air in a chamber
Similar to hydrostatic weighing.
Most accurate body mass measurement
DEXA scan
measures bone density
Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)
waist circumference divided by hip circumference
Hamwi method
men: 106 lb first 5 ft + 6lb/inch
women: 100 lb first 5 ft + 5lb/inch
small and large frames adjust by +/- 10%
body frame
The weight and density of a person's bone structure.
Small frame carries less weight than large frame
independent of height
obesity increases risk of which disease states
HTN; T2 DM; CVD; arthritis and some cancers
congenital obesity
the excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body that is present during infancy and/or childhood
Early-onset obesity
A genetically associated obesity that occurs during early childhood
environmental factors linked to obesity
family reinforcement- overweight and obese children tend to continue into adulthood
increase in energy dense foods
low cost fast foods
increase in portion sizes
decreased physical activity with increased screen time
physiological factors linked to obesity
amount oof fat a person carries correlates to the number and size of fat cells; fat cells remain for life
psychological factors linked to obesity
emotional stress; anxiety; depression;; mental health issues can lead to increase in food to cope
BMR (basal metabolic rate)
the rate at which energy is used to keep the body alive when in a rested and fasting state
fad diets
diets that promote weight loss without sound nutritional practices; only last a short time
very low calorie diets
diets with a daily caloric value of <800 calories; requires medical supervision; should only be used for short term due to complications such as low blood pressure, v/m deficiencies, loss of lean muscle mass
apple shaped body
*Fat carried in the upper body
*Associated with significant increase risk of:
-chronic disease
-Type II Diabetes
-Heart Disease
*Seen more in men
GLP-1 agonists
Increase glucose dependent insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying, improve satiety, weight loss
Semaglutide (Ozempic-SC, Rybelsus-PO, Wegovy-weight loss)
- CVD benefit
increased risk of thyroid cancer
Warnings: pancreatitis, not rec in patients with severe GI disease including gastroparesis
Injectable medications
gastric balloon
Weight loss surgery, balloon placed inside of the stomach to reduce the amount of space for food.
treatment for Dumping Syndrome
small frequent meals that contain CHO, fat and protein
liquids between meals
avoid simple sugars
caution with lactose
may need supplements
Benefits of 10% weight loss
lower BP; lower BG; lower lipids
Exercise and weight loss
Exercise may be most critical to help maintain
weight loss
Exercise helps to maintain muscle mass and
metabolic rate
Food Fads
quick weight loss schemes to home remedies for almost any alignment. The claims behind food fads directly oppose scientific understanding of nutrition and health.
causes of underweight
Infections, excessive exercising, hyperthyroidism, tissue wasting, and poor nutrition absorption, disordered eating
tube feeding
Provision of food to the stomach through a tube (nose, stomach or small intestine)
treatment for underweight
intake of energy-dense foods, reverse V/M deficiencies, increase portion size, strength training; oral nutrition supplements; tube feeding
Body Dysmorphia Disorder (BDD)
preoccupation with perceived body defects
anorexia nervosa
an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves
bulimia nervosa
an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise
binge eating disorder
significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa