Chapter 15 Weight Management

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46 Terms

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BMI (body mass index)

a person's weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters

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BMI of 18.5- 24.9

normal BMI

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BMI 25-29.9

overweight BMI

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Body fat calipers

measure the width of skin folds at precise body sites

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Ghrelin

hunger hormone

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Leptin

hormone that signals the hypothalamus and brain stem to reduce appetite and increase the amount of energy used

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Chronic dieting syndrome

A cyclic pattern of weight loss by dieting followed by rapid weight gain; this abnormal psychophysiologic food pattern becomes chronic, changing a person's natural body metabolism and relative body composition to the abnormal state of metabolically obese person of normal weight

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negative energy balance

the state in which energy intake is less than energy expended, resulting in weight loss

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Dumping syndrome

Rapid emptying of gastric contents into small intestines. Client experience ab pain, nausea, vomiting, explosive diarrhea, weakness, dizziness, palpitations & tachycardia.

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Orlistat (Xenical, Alli)

Blocks fats from being absorbed into the body aiding weight loss

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gastric banding

a surgical means of producing weight loss by restricting stomach size with a constricting band

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gastric bypass

surgical treatment for obesity; portion of stomach is stapled off and bypassed so that it holds less food

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Underweight BMI

less than 18.5

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3500 calories

1 pound of body weight

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gastric sleeve surgery

a bariatric surgical procedure that removes part of the stomach leaving a thin vertical sleeve about the size of a banana. The smaller stomach restricts the amount of food that can be consumed at one session and therefore reduces caloric intake

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body composition

the ratio of body fat to lean body tissue, including muscle, bone, water, and connective tissue such as ligaments, cartilage, and tendons

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hydrostatic weighing

underwater technique to assess body composition; considered the most accurate of the body composition assessment techniques

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Bioelectrical Impedance Analysis (BIA)

A method of assessing body composition by running a low-level electrical current through the body.

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Bod Pod or Air Displacement

Measuring body mass using volume of air in a chamber

Similar to hydrostatic weighing.

Most accurate body mass measurement

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DEXA scan

measures bone density

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Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR)

waist circumference divided by hip circumference

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Hamwi method

men: 106 lb first 5 ft + 6lb/inch

women: 100 lb first 5 ft + 5lb/inch

small and large frames adjust by +/- 10%

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body frame

The weight and density of a person's bone structure.

Small frame carries less weight than large frame

independent of height

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obesity increases risk of which disease states

HTN; T2 DM; CVD; arthritis and some cancers

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congenital obesity

the excessive accumulation and storage of fat in the body that is present during infancy and/or childhood

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Early-onset obesity

A genetically associated obesity that occurs during early childhood

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environmental factors linked to obesity

family reinforcement- overweight and obese children tend to continue into adulthood

increase in energy dense foods

low cost fast foods

increase in portion sizes

decreased physical activity with increased screen time

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physiological factors linked to obesity

amount oof fat a person carries correlates to the number and size of fat cells; fat cells remain for life

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psychological factors linked to obesity

emotional stress; anxiety; depression;; mental health issues can lead to increase in food to cope

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BMR (basal metabolic rate)

the rate at which energy is used to keep the body alive when in a rested and fasting state

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fad diets

diets that promote weight loss without sound nutritional practices; only last a short time

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very low calorie diets

diets with a daily caloric value of <800 calories; requires medical supervision; should only be used for short term due to complications such as low blood pressure, v/m deficiencies, loss of lean muscle mass

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apple shaped body

*Fat carried in the upper body

*Associated with significant increase risk of:

-chronic disease

-Type II Diabetes

-Heart Disease

*Seen more in men

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GLP-1 agonists

Increase glucose dependent insulin secretion, decrease glucagon secretion, slow gastric emptying, improve satiety, weight loss

Semaglutide (Ozempic-SC, Rybelsus-PO, Wegovy-weight loss)

- CVD benefit

increased risk of thyroid cancer

Warnings: pancreatitis, not rec in patients with severe GI disease including gastroparesis

Injectable medications

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gastric balloon

Weight loss surgery, balloon placed inside of the stomach to reduce the amount of space for food.

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treatment for Dumping Syndrome

small frequent meals that contain CHO, fat and protein

liquids between meals

avoid simple sugars

caution with lactose

may need supplements

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Benefits of 10% weight loss

lower BP; lower BG; lower lipids

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Exercise and weight loss

Exercise may be most critical to help maintain

weight loss

Exercise helps to maintain muscle mass and

metabolic rate

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Food Fads

quick weight loss schemes to home remedies for almost any alignment. The claims behind food fads directly oppose scientific understanding of nutrition and health.

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causes of underweight

Infections, excessive exercising, hyperthyroidism, tissue wasting, and poor nutrition absorption, disordered eating

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tube feeding

Provision of food to the stomach through a tube (nose, stomach or small intestine)

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treatment for underweight

intake of energy-dense foods, reverse V/M deficiencies, increase portion size, strength training; oral nutrition supplements; tube feeding

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Body Dysmorphia Disorder (BDD)

preoccupation with perceived body defects

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anorexia nervosa

an eating disorder in which an irrational fear of weight gain leads people to starve themselves

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bulimia nervosa

an eating disorder characterized by episodes of overeating, usually of high-calorie foods, followed by vomiting, laxative use, fasting, or excessive exercise

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binge eating disorder

significant binge-eating episodes, followed by distress, disgust, or guilt, but without the compensatory purging, fasting, or excessive exercise that marks bulimia nervosa