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Superrosids (Fabids), Superasterids, and Monocots
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Cucurbitaceae
Clade: Superrosids (Fabids)
Order: Cucurbitales
Vines
Tendrils
Stiff hairs
Palmately lobed lvs
Terpenoids
Inferior ovary
Stamens connate & twisted
Fused petals
Fagaceae
Clade: Superrosids (Fabids)
Order: Fagales
Tannins
Evergreen*
Deeply lobed lvs
Wind pollinated
Catkins
Monoecious
Involucre of bracts (acorn cap)
Inferior ovary
Betulaceae
Clade: Superrosids (Fabids)
Order: Fagales
Woody catkins
Tannins
Peeling bark
Double-toothed/serrate lvs
Symbiotic N fixation
Wind pollinated
Monoecious
Nutlets*
Catkins
Juglandaceae
Clade: Superrosids (Fabids)
Order: Fagales
Tannins
Wind pollinated
Monoecious
Pinnately compound/trifoliolate lvs
Resin glands
Inferior ovary
Rosaceae
Clade: Superrosids (Fabids)
Order: Rosales
Cyanogenic glycosides
Symbiotic N fixation
Hypanthium
Many stamens
Variable fruit (nutlets, many free carpels*)
Rhamnaceae
Clade: Superrosids (Fabids)
Order: Rosales
Woody
Thorns
Hypanthium
Nectary disk
Symbiotic N fixation
Stamens opposite petals
Clawed petals
Droseraceae
Clade: Superastrids
Order: Caryophyllales (Polygonineae)
Carnivorous herbs
Glandular hairs
Circinate vernation
Betalains
Polygonaceae
Clade: Superastrids
Order: Caryophyllales (Polygonineae)
Swollen nodes
Stipules connate into thin sheathing ocrea
Involucre of bracts
Betalains
Caryophyllaceae
Clade: Superastrids
Order: Caryophyllales (Caryophyllineae)
Anthocyanins (not betalains)
Swollen nodes
Opposite lvs
Sepals fused into tube
Hypanthium (obscure)
many stamens
Aizoaceae
Clade: Superastrids
Order: Caryophyllales (Caryophyllineae)
CAM Photosynthesis
Stem and lvs succulent
Opposite lvs
Multiple whorls of stamens and staminodes
Hypanthium
Betalains
Montiaceae
Clade: Superastrids
Order: Caryophyllales (Caryophyllineae)
Stems succulent
Stamens opposite petals
Seed with elaiosome
2 sepals
Betalains
Cactaceae
Clade: Superastrids
Order: Caryophyllales (Caryophyllineae)
Betalains
Stems succulent and spiney
Many perianth whorls
Inferior ovary (sunken into stem)
Hypanthium
CAM photosynthesis
Cornaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids)
Order: Cornales
Opposite lvs
Secondary lf veins arching towards tips
Petaloid bracts
Inferior ovary
4-merous
Loasaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids)
Order: Cornales
Needle-like, barbed, or stinging hairs
Accuminate petals
Inferior ovary
Many stamens
Petal-like staminodes
Polemoniaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids)
Order: Ericales
Gland-headed hairs
5 opaque ribs connected by translucent membranes (calyx)
Fused petals (tube)
Different colored throat
Epipetalous stamens
Blue pollen
Ericaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids)
Order: Ericales
Thick, leathery lvs
Petals fused
Urn-shaped corolla
Stamens 2x corolla lobes
Bilateral*
Mycoparasites*
Garryaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Garryales
Evergreen
Thick, leathery lvs
Opposite lvs
Dioecious
Wind-pollinated
Catkin-like infl
Flowers in axils of basally fused bracts
Inferior ovary
Boraginaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Boraginales
Stiff hairs
Infl one-sided coiled cyme
Corolla appendages
Fused petals
Deeply lobed ovary
Epipetalous stamens
Gynobasic syle
Nutlets
Hydrophyllaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Boraginales
Stiff hairs
Infl one-sided coiled cyme (or solitary)
Epipetalous stamens
Fused petals
1 style (branched)
Corolla appendages
Namaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Boraginales
Glandular hairs
Cyme infl (not coiled)
No corolla appendages
Fused petals
Epipetalous stamens
2 styles
Rubiaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Gentiales
Alkaloids
Raphide crystal hairs
Opposite lvs
Nutlets*
Inferior ovary
Epipetalous stamens
Fused petals
Apocynaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Gentiales
Milky sap
Opposite lvs
Alkaloids
Twisted corolla
Hood and horn (floral appendages)
Paired pollinia
Massive pistil head
Gynostegium
Convolvulaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Solanales
Twining/trailing
Parasites*
Milky sap
Alkaloids*
2 bracts subtending sepals
Corolla twisted in bud
Corolla with fold lines
Epipetalous stamens
Fused petals
Solanaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Solanales
Stellate, branched, or prickly hairs
Alkaloids
Fused petals
Corolla with fold lines
Epipetalous stamens
Lamiaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Lamiales
Essential oils (in glandular hairs)
Square stems
Opposite lvs
Interrupted inflorescence
Bilabiate corolla
Bilateral
Nutlets
Fused petals
Epipetalous stamens
Orobanchaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Lamiales
Holo/hemiparasites
Spike infl w/ colored bracts
Bilateral
Beak
Phrymaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Lamiales
Opposite lvs
Bilabiate corolla
Ribbed/pleated calyx
Stigma flat, 2-lobed and closing on contact
Fused petals
Epipetalous stamens
Plantaginaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Lamiids)
Order: Lamiales
Basal rosettes
Bilateral
Fused petals
Staminodes
Bilabiate corolla
Apiaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Campanulids)
Order: Apiales
Compound lvs
Ethereal oils
Simple/compound umbel infl
Petiole bases sheathing stem
Involucre of bracts
Stylopodium
Inferior ovary
Schizocarp
Campanulaceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Campanulids)
Order: Asterales
Milky sap
Fused petals
Inferior ovary
Bilateral
Bilabiate corolla*
Free or fused stamens
Plunger pollination
Asteraceae
Clade: Superasterids (Asterids - Campanulids)
Order: Asterales
Milky sap*
Infl a head of flowers w/ phyllaries (involucre of bracts)
Inferior ovary
Bilateral*
Anthers connate, filaments free
Plunger pollination
Papus (modified sepals)
2-lipped corolla
Ray, disk, ligulate flowers
Palea
Araceae
Order: Alismatales
Net-veined lvs or reduced veg body
Infl spike (spathe) with spadix (modified bract)
Pistillate flowers below staminate flowers
Liliaceae
Order: Liliales
Two petal-like whorls (may be indistinct)
Spotted tepals
Parallel venation
Bulbs/rhizomes
Showy infl
Orchidaceae
Order: Asparagales
Epiphytes
Mycotrophics*
Parallel venation
Bilateral
Labellum (modified bottom petal)
Inferior ovary
Pollinia
Gynoecium fused into column
Iridaceae
Order: Asparagales
Infl spike, umbel-like, cyme, or single flower w/ bracts
Inferior ovary
Bilateral*
Corms, rhizomes, bulbs
Parallel venation
Equitant lvs (folded long way)
Petaloid style
3 stamens attached at base of sepals
Two petal-like whorls (may be indistinct)
Alliaceae
Order: Asparagales
Bulbs
Onion order
Parallel veins
Subtended by 2 bracts ± fused
Umbel infl
Two petal-like whorls (may be indistinct)
Agavaceae
Order: Asparagales
Anomalous secondary woody growth
Parallel venation
Thick, tough fibers
Spine at apex of lvs
Succulent lvs with serrations or spines
Two petal-like whorls (may be indistinct)
Inferior ovary*
Themidaceae
Order: Asparagales
No onion order
Corms
Scapose umbel
Subtended by >2 bracts (don't enclose infl)
Petals fused (tube)
Parallel venation
Two petal-like whorls (may be indistinct)
Staminodes
Epipetalous stamens*
Arecaceae
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Arecales
Anomalous secondary growth
Lvs plicate (fan)
Typhaceae
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Rhizomatous
Parallel venation
Sheathing bases
Monoecious
Staminate flowers on top, pistillate on bottom
Juncaceae
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Rhizomatous
Stems round and solid
Parallel venation
Bases sheathing (sheaths fused)
Head-like infl w/ bracts throughout
Cyperaceae
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Rhizomatous
Stems triangular*
Parallel venation
Spikelet infl usually subtended by bracts
Perigynium (bract that encloses ovary)
Poaceae
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Stems round and hollow
Sheaths open
Parallel venation
Spikelet infl
Glume (subtend spikelet)
Floret (floral unit subtended by 2 bracts)
Lemma (larger) Palea (smaller) bract
Grain fruit