Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, DNA, Genetics and Evolution Flashcards

Flashcards for Cellular Respiration, Photosynthesis, DNA, Genetics, Protein Synthesis, and Evolution

During cellular respiration, a __ group is broken from ATP to make ADP, releasing energy for work.

phosphate

The three steps of cellular respiration in order are: 1) Glycolysis, 2) The cycle, and 3) Oxidative .

citric acid; phosphorylation

In cellular respiration, glycolysis splits __ to produce 2 pyruvate, ATP, and NADH.

glucose

In the citric acid cycle, pyruvate splits to produce 6 __, ATP, NADH, and FADH2.

CO2

Oxidative phosphorylation uses and to produce a lot of ATP and water and requires __.

NADH; FADH2; oxygen

In cellular respiration, oxygen acts as an acceptor and combines with hydrogen to make .

electron; water

The step in aerobic cell respiration that makes the most ATP is __.

oxidative phosphorylation

The formula for aerobic cell respiration is: 1-glucose + 6-oxygen → 6- + 6-.

CO2; water

In yeast, fermentation produces and CO2, while in humans and many bacteria, it produces .

alcohol; lactic acid

During strenuous exercise, human muscles may undergo __ due to a lack of oxygen, producing lactic acid.

fermentation

Photosynthesis is the __ of the cellular respiration formula.

reverse

The formula for photosynthesis is: 6 H2O + 6 CO2 → + 6

glucose; H2O

Plants mainly absorb and light, while reflecting __ light.

blue; red; green

The two steps in photosynthesis are the reactions and the cycle.

light; Calvin

Light reactions split to release energy (ATP and NADPH) to power the Calvin cycle, while the Calvin cycle uses ATP and NADPH to turn into glucose.

water; CO2

Plants take in CO2 through __ on their leaves.

stomata (pores)

Photosynthesis occurs in the following locations: Organ: __, Tissue: __ layer, Organelle: __, Sub-organelles: __ and stroma.

Leaves; Mesophyll; Chloroplasts; Thylakoids

The structure of DNA is a __ helix made of nucleotide base rungs.

double

A nucleotide consists of a group, a , and a __ base.

phosphate; sugar; nitrogen

In DNA, and are complementary bases, as are and .

Adenine; Thymine; Cytosine; Guanine

In transcription, RNA __ reads the DNA and makes an mRNA strand of a specific gene.

polymerase

In translation, __ matches up with the mRNA and deposits an amino acid in the proper location.

tRNA

For a monohybrid cross (Aa x Aa), the expected result is __% dominant trait to __% recessive trait.

75; 25

For a dihybrid cross (AaBb x AaBb), the expected results are 9/16 __, 3/16 __, 3/16 and 1/16 _

AB; Abb; aaB; aabb

In incomplete dominance, red flowers crossed with white flowers yield __ offspring.

pink

Sex-linked traits in humans are on the __ chromosome.

X

If two normal parents have a child with cystic fibrosis (CF), they are both __ for CF.

carriers

Darwin's theory of natural selection includes: diversity of life, _, competition for survival, adaptations that help survival, and passing on adaptations to the next generations.

overpopulation

Darwin used homologous structures, similar embryology, biogeographical similarities, selection, and evidence as evidence for evolution.

artificial; fossil

Antibiotic resistance is an example of __ selection where resistant bacteria reproduce and become more numerous over time.

natural

In Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, the necessary conditions are no mutations, no migrations, populations, no natural selection, and mating.

large; random

In a normal distribution, selection towards one extreme is called selection, towards both extremes is called selection, and towards the average is called __ selection.

directional; disruptive; stabilizing