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humanism
the focus on human potential and achievements
individualism
celebrating the uniqueness of individuals
realism
a desire to represent the world as accurately as possible
classicalism
an art style that draws from the culture and art of Ancient Greece and Rome
naturalism
type of art that pays attention to very accurate and precise details, portraying things as they are
represents people’s actions as if it were a snapshot
in paintings, you would usually see this through many people doing things
secularism
art that has no religious reference points and is, in fact, oblivious to organized religion
linear perspective
artists developed the use of linear perspective to create the illusion of depth on a flat surface. this technique made scenes appear more realistic and three-dimensional
developed by Filippo Brunelleschi in the early 1400s
involves the use of vanishing points, where parallel lines converge
allowed artists to represent space and architecture with accuracy
chiaroscuro (light and shadow)
refers to the dramatic contrast between light and dark, giving figures a three-dimensional appearance
enhances the realism of figures and objects
creates depth and a sense of volume
used to highlight emotions and focus attention on key elements of a painting
sfumato (soft blending)
the technique of blending colors and tones so subtly that they fade into one another without harsh outlines, creating a smoky or hazy effect
Leonardo da Vinci is credited with perfecting this technique (seen in the Mona Lisa)
often used for skin tones and atmospheric backgrounds
adds a lifelike softness and subtle transitions between light and shadow
foreshortening
the technique of depicting objects or figures in a picture as they appear to the eye when viewed from a distance or angle, often to create dramatic effects
adds depth and realism, especially in dynamic poses
used to make figures look like they’re receding into space
emphasizes perspective in the human form
anatomy and proportion
Renaissance artists studied human anatomy to create more accurate and proportional representations of the human body. this focus on anatomy allowed artists to render the human form with unprecedented realism
artists like Leonardo da Vinci dissected bodies to understand muscle and bone structure
proportions of the human body were carefully calculated
the idealized human form was central to many Renaissance artworks
fresco painting
a technique where pigments are applied to wet plaster so that the paint becomes an integral part of the wall surface. this technique was used for large-scale murals and ceilings
popular during the Italian Renaissance for decorating churches and public buildings
famous artists like Michelangelo and Raphael used this method for large compositions
requires quick, precise work, as the plaster dries quickly
contrapposto
a pose in which the weight of the human body is balanced on one leg, with the other leg relaxed. this technique gives figures a more dynamic, lifelike appearance
introduced in classical antiquity, but revived during the Renaissance
shows a natural shift in body weight, making figures look more realistic
often used in sculptures to enhance the sense of movement and grace
NEVER seen in paintings, statues only
use of color and oil paints
Renaissance artists began using oil paints, which allowed for richer colors, greater detail, and more subtle gradations of tone. oil paints also dried more slowly, giving artists more time to refine their work
increased flexibility in layering and blending colors
led to vibrant, durable artworks with fine details
allowed for more realistic skin tones and textures
medieval art
flat
gold background
distorted figures
lack of emotion
IMPORTANT INFO
Medieval vs. Renaissance: look at the background, Medieval is one flat color, Renaissance uses linear perspective
Northern vs. Italian: Northern artists used naturalism (snapshot) and religion, Italian artists made things look mythical and utilized classicalism (structure)
realism vs. naturalism
portraying things as accurately as possible vs. portraying things exactly as they are