Studied by 1 person
Focuses on the laws that shaped the Special Education Field
The Federal Act to Promote the Education of the Blind was enacted by Congress in 1879
Provides Quota Funds through American Printing House for the Blind (APH)
Provides materials for students who are blind and visually impaired through federal funds.
The Education for All Handicapped Children Act or Public Law (PL) 94-142 (1975)
This act required all public schools accepting federal funds to provide equal access to education and one free meal a day for children with physical and mental disabilities.
1986 Education of the Handicap Amendment or Public Law 99-457
Required states to make available appropriate and free public education to children ages 3 through 5 who have disabilities.
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) (1990)
Requires all public areas to be made accessible to people with disabilities
Ensures that people with disabilities have the same rights and opportunities as everyone else in regard to employment, public services, telecommunications, public transportation
Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act
Requires all government Buildings be made handicap accessible
Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) or (Public Law No. 94-142) 1990
Free and Appropriate Public Education (FAPE)
Appropriate Evaluation
Individualized Education Plan (IEP)
Least Restrictive Environment (LRE)
Parent Participation
Procedural Safeguards
Individuals with Disabilities Education Amendments of 1997 or (Public Law 105-17)
Focuses on Transition
Parent Notification
No Child Left Behind Act of 2001(NCLB)
High Standards and measurable goals for all students
Inclusion of Students with Disabilities in General Education
Access to the same standards regardless of disabilities
Inclusion of students with disabilities in state testing
IDEA Improvement Act of 2004
More funding to early intervention
Measurable post secondary transition goals in the IEP
More Transition services
Title IX of the Education amendments of 1972
Prohibits discrimination based on sex in any federally funded education program or activity
Purpose of Special Education
Ensure that all students eligible for
Special Education have a free
appropriate public education (FAPE) that
provides special designed instruction and
related services designed to meet their
unique needs and prepare them for
further education, employment, and
independent living.
Ensure student and parent rights are
protected.
Assess and ensure the effectiveness of
the IEP.
Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka (1954)
“separate but equal” (i.e., segregation by race) is not constitutional
PARC (Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (PARC), 1971
“uneducable” or “untrainable” students can not be excluded from public education
Mills v. Board of Education (1972)
broadens the scope of PARC to included students with other disabilities,
all children of school age should be provided with free and suitable public education, and
no exclusion due to insufficient funds
Public Law 94-142 also known as “Education For All
Handicapped Children Act”
This law was reauthorized and expanded as the
“Individuals with Disabilities Education Act” (IDEA) in 1990.
Major tenants of IDEA
Applies to children ages 3 - 21
Zero reject - Non exclusionary education
FAPE - Free appropriate public education
LRE - Least restrictive environment
Nondiscriminatory evaluation
Due process
Transition planning
Advocacy
Confidentiality
Noncompliance - lawsuits
Person first language
FAPE
Free appropriate public education
LRE
Least restrictive environment
Who is eligible for services under IDEA?
Students who demonstrate the characteristics of any of the previous categories IF their disability adversely impacts educational performance and requires specialized instruction.
What if the disability does not affect academic achievement?
Students are NOT eligible for services under IDEA
They may receive services under Section 504 of the Vocational
Rehabilitation Act (1973) Section 504 covers many more students than IDEA
Major Tenants of Section 504
Prevents discrimination by any organization
receiving federal funds
Defines a handicapped person as “Any
person who has a physical or mental
impairment which substantially limits one or
more major life activities”
Students served under IDEA are also eligible
for 504
Both laws mandate FAPE
IDEA requires an individual education
program (IEP) while 504 requires schools to
demonstrate how services are being provided
Major Tenants of ADA (1990)
Maximize the employment potential of
individuals with disabilities.
Provide “reasonable accommodations” in
the workplace.
Employers may not ask if an individual has
a disability and may not discriminate
against persons who have a disability.
Colleges and universities must provide
appropriate modifications
Telecommunications must be accessible to
individuals who are deaf
Disability Categories in PA
Autism
Specific learning disability
Emotional disturbance
Speech or language
impairment
Orthopedic impairment
Other Health impairement
Intellectual Disability
Multiple disabilities
Hearing impairment
Deafness
Visually impairment /
blindness
Deafblindness
Traumatic brain injury
Developmentally
Delayed (age 3 - 9)
Special Education Services in PA
Autistic support
Learning support
Life Skills support
Emotional Support
Blind-visually impaired support
Deaf & hard of hearing support
Multiple disabilities support
Physical support
Speech & Language support
Supplementary Aids and Services
Children with disabilities must be provided with support services that assist them in benefiting educationally from their instructional program.
Assessment
An assessment must be completed to determine the child’s needs. This may be done only with the parent’s informed written consent.
Due process
Due process rights ensure that no changes can be made in a child’s program without prior notice to the parents. Further, due process provides a mechanism for the resolution of disagreements.
AFB acronym
American Foundation for the Blind
■ A non-profit organization for people with vision loss.
■ Their website contains news, information, and a store where textbooks
and publications can be purchased
APH acronym
American Printing House for the Blind
■ Sells products that can be used specifically for those with visual
impairments
NLS acronym
National Library Service
■ A free braille and talking book library reserve
BANA acronym
BANA- Braille Authority of North America
Provides guidelines for braille
IFSP acronym
Individualized Family Service Plan
■ Provided if a child in a home is found eligible for early intervention
services
■ Provides necessary services to the whole family
CEC-DVIDB acronym
Council for Exceptional Children Division on Visual Impairments
and Deafblindness
■ Hosts the national conference
AER acronym
Association for Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind and Visually
Impaired
■ Hosts conferences for professional and career development
UEB acronym
Unified English Braille
ADA acronym
Americans with Disabilities Act
TVI acronym
Teacher of Students who are Visually Impaired
Provide direct and/or consultative special education services specific to
vision loss. The TVI provides support to students, teachers, and parents
and acts as a liaison with community services
O&M acronym
Orientation and Mobility Specialist
Specialists teach individuals with visual impairments to travel safely,
confidently and independently in their environment.
VRT acronym
Vision Rehabilitation Therapist
Teaches adaptive independent living skills that allow people (usually
adults) to perform a wide range of daily living activities
OT acronym
OT- Occupational Therapist
treat injured, ill, or disabled patients through the therapeutic use of
everyday activities. They help these patients develop, recover, improve,
as well as maintain the skills needed for daily living and working
SP acronym
Speech Pathologist
assess, diagnose, treat, and help to prevent communication and
swallowing disorders in children and adults.
NFB acronym
National Federation of the Blind
■ An organization that provides informational resources, as well as white
canes.
■ They host conventions and events, as well as have programs to help
people with visual impairments
BBVS acronym
Bureau of Blindness and Visual Services
■ Gives people with blindness and visual impairment in Pennsylvania free
assistance including counseling, mobility instruction, vocational and
college training, job placement, blindness skills training, and providing
necessary technologies
PATTAN
Pennsylvania Training and Technical Assistance Network
■ Provides professional development and technical assistance
CHARGE acronym
C- coloboma
H- heart defects
A- atresia choanae
R- growth retardation
E- ear abnormalities
PARC vs. PA commonwealth
In 1971, Pennsylvania Association for Retarded Children (PARC) v. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the first right-to-education suit in the country, to overturn that Pennsylvania law and secure a quality education for all children. The case quickly settled before the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Pa., resulting in a consent decree in which the state agreed to provide a free public education for children with mental retardation. That decree and many of the procedural protections in it became the basis for the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (PL 94-142) enacted in 1975.
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