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what is free will?
all behaviour is self determined - individuals control their own behaviour irrespective of other pressures
what’s determinism?
all behaviour is pre determined by other pressures (internal or external to individual)
whats hard determinism?
the view that all behaviour can be predicted and there is no free will
what’s soft determinism?
a version of determinism that allows for some element of free will
what’s fatalism?
behaviour is caused by factors outside of out control
what are the 4 types of determinism?
biological
environmental
scientific
psychic
what is biological determinism?
behaviour is driven by our genes and our neuroanatomy/chemistry
what do genes do according to biological determinism?
influence brain structure and neurotransmitters such as serotonin and dopamine that are often implicated in behaviour (dopamine hypothesis)
what is environmental determinism?
behaviour is driven by our environment
what do behaviourists believe?
that all behaviour is caused by previous experience, through the process of classical conditioning and operant conditioning
what is psychic determinism?
behaviour is driven by our psyche
what is psyche?
our innate drives and experience
what does Freud’s psychodynamic approach suggest?
adult behaviour is determined by a mic of innate drives and early experiences, both internal and external forces
behaviour is driven by the libido which focuses on erogenous zones
what are erogenous zones?
the mouth or anus
what does the psychodynamic approach say about children being frustrated?
the libido remains tied to the relevant erogenous zones and the individual is thus fixated on that zone
what is scientific determinism?
behaviour is driven by cause/effect relationships
whats an example of scientific determinism in an experiment
Zimbardo SPE
how was the SPE scientific?
IV social role (guard/prisoner)
DV conformity to role (tyranny/submission)
what do Maslow and Roger’s argue?
the self-determination was a necessary part of human behaviour. Without it, healthy self-development and self actualisation aren’t possible
what’s did rogers claim?
as long an an individual remains controlled by other people or other things they can’t take responsibility for their behaviour and therefore can’t begin to change it
things which are outside a persons sense of self remain beyond personal control
what’s moral responsibility?
humans are accountable for their own actions, regardless of innate factors or the influence of early experience
what has scientific research helped with?
scientific study of cause and effect has allowed treatments and interventions to be used to improve human well-being
what is the butterfly effect?
very small changes in initial conditions can subsequently result in major changes
what is the conclusion of casual relationships?
they are probabilistic rather than determinism
whats the problem with genetic and environmental determinism?
neither can be the sole determining factor in behaviour
what do IQ studies find in Mz twins?
if one twin has a high IQ, there is a 80% chance that the other twin will be the same
what do twin studies on IQ suggest?
genes don’t entirely determine behaviour and an interactionist approach rather than a determinist approach better represents reality
what have murderers claimed in criminal cases?
their behaviour was determined by inherited aggressive tendencies and therefore they should not be punished with the death penalty
what did Stephen Mobley do?
killed a pizza shop manager in 1981
what did Mobley claim?
he claimed the murder happened because he was ‘born to kill’ as evidence by a family history of violence
what’s the issue in the treatment of mental disorders with the deterministic approach?
if we take the view that disorders such as sz and depression are determined by an individuals biology, then a treatment should target their genes or neurotransmitters. However this may then block the consideration of other treatments that might be beneficial, such as CBT.
what does neuroscience suggest about free will?
decisions are made in the brain before we are aware of them
what did neuroscience show?
they recorded activity in motor areas of the brain before the person has an conscious awareness of the decision and the decision to move the finger was simply a read out of predetermined factors
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