Reproduction Test

Reproductive system ensures that

• individual organisms don’t live forever

• reproduction necessary for the continuation of every species

• traits pass on to the next generation

Gonads

primary sex organs

• produce gametes (sex cells) and secretes hormones

Duct system

epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra

external genitalia

penis, scrotum

accessory organs

seminal, prostate, bulbourethral glands

Scrotum

• divided sac of skin outside abdomen

• maintains sperm viability by having temperature being 3 C degrees lower than normal body temperature

• Wearing briefs can lower sperm count because of higher temperature

Testes

Male gonads

components of both reproductive system and endocrine system

produce sperm and androgens

Seminiferous tubules

tightly coiled structures inside testicles

make sperm

interstitial cells produce androgens such as testosterone

epididymis

comma shaped, tightly coiled tube over testes

matures sperm and stores it

expels sperm with muscles contraction

Interstitial/leydig cells

produce testosterone in presence of LH

vas deferens

carries sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct

sperm moves by peristalsis

Ejaculatory duct

formed by union of vas deferens with duct of seminal vesicle

pass through prostate and open into urethra

Urethra

extends from urinary bladder to penis

carries both urine and sperm

seminal vesicles

inferior to bladder and posterior to prostate

produces thick, yellowish fluid (65% of semen)

(fructose that nourish sperm, vitamin c that protects sperm, and alkaline fluids that neutralize acidic reproductive tract)

Prostate gland

encircles upper part of urethra

secretes milky fluid (30% of sperm) that helps to enhance sperm mobility and extends their life spam

Bulbourethral glands

pea sized glands below prostate

produces thick, clear mucus called Cowper’s fluid (5% of semen) which cleanses and clears urethra of acidic urine and serves as lubricant

Penis

delivers sperm into female reproductive tract

prepuce: folded cuff of skin

contains spongy erectile tissue

Spermatogenesis

Begins at puberty and continues throughout life

occurs in seminiferous tubules

meisosis cell division results in 4 haploid cells

Semen

mixture of sperm and gland secretions, fructose provides energy for sperm cells, alkalinity helps neutralize acidic urethral and vaginal environment

female duct system

uterine tubes, uterus, vagina

Ovary

main reproductive organ (produces eggs and female hormones)

composed of ovarian follicles

follicle contains oocyte and follicular cells

Uterine tubes (oviduct)

pathway for egg to uterus; cilia inside tube slowly move egg to uterus

provide site for fertilization

do not physically attach to ovary

fimbriae receive ovulated egg and guide it into the tube

uterus

recieves fertilized egg, retains it, nourishes it. Embryo develops here

endometrium

inner layer simple columnar epithelium where fertilized egg implants

enriches with blood vessels to nourish fertilized egg/fetus

embryp implants (burrows) in this layer for development

sloughs off if no pregnancy occurs

Cervix

narrow outlet between uterus and vagina

cervical mucus function as a barrier or transport medium based on water content

Vagina

serves a birth canal

mons pubis

fatty tissue covering the pubic bone

Vulva

the outer part of female reproductive system

surrounds vaginal opening

oogenisis

formation, development, and maturation of an ovum

meiosis occurs during oogenesis to produce haploid egg

occurs every 28 days

uterine cycle

endometrial changes in response to fluctuating levels of ovarian hormones

the endometrium thickens and engorges with blood vessels to nourish embryo in case fertilization occurs

regulated by estrogen and progesterone

menstrual phase

functional layer of endometrium sloughed

woman experiences menstrual flow (period)

Day 1 in cycle

proliferate phase

regeneration of functional layer

begins when menstrual flow stops

secretory phase

endometrium increases in thickness and readies for implantation of fertilized egg

ovarian cycle

cylic changes that occur monthly in the ovary

three events: follicular, ovulation, and luteal

LH

sudden surge of this hormone causes ovulation

FSH

this hormone causes oocyte follicle to begin maturing; peals at ovulation

estrogen

increase promotes endometrium growth; decrease promotes menses

responsible for secondary sex characteristics of females

progesterone

increase promotes endometrium growth & nourishment; decrease promotes shedding of endometrium

maintains pregnancy

produced by the corpus luteum of ovary then placenta during pregnancy

ovarian cycle order

primary, secondary, Graafian, ovulation, ruptured follicle is transformed into corpus luteum and degeneration happens if pregnancy does not occur

Day 1

Menstrual: menstrual flow occurs

Ovarian: primary follicle begins to mature

Day 5

Menstrual: menstrual flow ends, lining begins to regenerate

Ovarian: maturing follicle/egg

Day 14

Menstrual: secretory phase begins, lining enriches

Ovarian: ovulation occurs

Day 15-17

Menstrual: secretory phase continues to enrich lining

Ovarian: corpus luteum phase

Day 28

Menstrual: endometrial lining declines and is shed

Ovarian: corpus luteum dissolves

Infertility

failure to conceive or carry pregnancy to full term after 12+ months of regular unprotected intercourse

fertility drugs

medications used to enhance a female’s ability to produce eggs

they have various purposes which include stimulating the ovaries, promoting ovulation, and promoting implantation

treatment can cause multiple eggs to be produced

pregnancy with multiple fetuses are high risk

multiple fetuses at high risk of being born too early

artificial insemination

woman injected with specially prepared sperm, also called IUI

Prepared sperm is inserted into vagina or uterus when woman is ovulating

sperm may either be from a known partner or unknown donor

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Includes all fertility treatments in which either eggs or embryos are handled

surgical removal of eggs from a woman’s ovaries

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Egg fertilized by sperm outside body; “test tube baby”

monitoring a woman’s ovulatory process

removing ovum from the woman’s ovaries

sperm fertilize them in a fluid medium in a lab

after a few days, 3-5 embryo are transferred to a patient’s uterus to establish pregnancy

Gamete IntraFallopian Transfer (GIFT)

Egg fertilized by sperm inside body

eggs and sperm transferred into woman’s Fallopian tube

fertilization occurs in woman’s body

not often offered as an option

STDs

transmitted during intercourse

any sexually active person can be infected

greater number of partners leads to greater chance of infection

some may be passed from mother to baby during vaginal childbirth

unusual discharge, sore, or rash in groin should be checked

Chlamydia

Caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis

symptoms usually mild or absent, can occur silently

can cause penile discharge or burning sensation while urinating

can cause infertility

treatable

Syphilis

Caused by bacterium Treponema Padillum

easy to cure in early stages; eventually fatal

last stage: damage to internal organs, paralysis, numbness, blindnesss, dementia

Gonorrhea

Caused by bacterium Neisseria gonorrhea; grows in warm, moist areas

Ejaculation does not have to occur for gonorrhea to be transmitted or acquired

symptoms include burning sensation when urinating or discharge from penis or vagina

treated with antibiotics; some resistant strains

Untreated may cause PID, infertility, or death

Genital herpes (HSV)

caused by the herpes simplex virus, typically resulting in painful sores and blisters in the genital area. It is a lifelong infection with symptoms that may recur periodically. Usually no or minimal signs or symptoms. No cure

Human Paillomavirus (HPV)

Most common STD; more than 100 types

infected genital areas (can also affect mouth and nose)

often shows no symptoms

most of the time, the immune system clears HPV without treatment

can cause genital warts and cancers

vaccination available for both men and women

HIV

Damages body’s immune system

no cure, considered fatal without treatment

Reproductive cancer

start in organs related to reproduction (breast, cervix, uterus, vulva, endometrium, ovaries, prostate, testicles, and penis)

prostate cancer

slow growing cancer of the prostate; most common MALE reproductive cancer

symptoms include frequent urination, difficulty maintaining urine flow, blood in urine, painful urination, problems with sexual function

testicular cancer

cancer of testicles

occurs predominantly in young men between the ages of 15 and 34

symptoms include swelling, pain, tenderness, or unusual fluid build-up in the groin

blood tests used to detect tumor markers

highly treatable if caught early

breast cancer

begins in the tissues that make up the breast

second-most common cancer in women; most common reproductive cancer in women

second leading cause of death in women

symptoms include lump in breast, fluid coming from nipple, changes in skin around nipple

mammogram x-ray used to find breast cancer

Ovarian cancer

begins in ovaries

symptoms include abnormal vaginal bleeding or discharge, pressure or pain in pelvic area, belly or back, bloating

can be screened using pap smear

PCOS

hormonal disorder common among women of reproductive age

symptoms include irregular periods, excess androgen, polycystic ovaries

menarche

the beginning of menstrual cycle, first bleeding

central event of female puberty as it signals possibility of fertility

dysmenorrhea

painful period

sometimes caused by endometriosis

amenorrhea

absence of period

common among athletes

hypermennorrhea

abnormal menstrual bleeding

prolonged or profuse

menopause

permanent cessation of primary functions of the human ovaries; signals end of fertility

stops of ripening and release of ova and release of hormones that cause menses

typically occurs in late 40s and early 50s

andropause

slow down of testosterone and sperm production