General Science Comprehensive Review: Machines, Fluids, Chemistry, Electricity, and Product Safety

Vocabulary flashcards covering simple and compound machines, fluid dynamics, historic chemists and modern chemistry, electrical safety and energy conservation, and household product chemical composition and regulation.

Simple Machine

A device with few or no moving parts that allows work to be performed with less effort by changing force, distance, or direction of force.

Compound Machine

A device consisting of two or more simple machines working together to make work easier and increase mechanical advantage.

Lever

A rigid bar used to exert pressure or sustain a weight by pivoting on a fulcrum.

Fulcrum

The fixed pivot point around which a lever arm turns.

Wheel and Axle

A simple machine formed by a wheel fixed to a shaft (axle) that rotate together to lift or move items by rolling.

Pulley

A grooved wheel around which a rope, belt, or chain passes, used to change the direction or magnitude of an applied force.

Inclined Plane

A flat surface set at an angle or incline used to lift objects by pushing or pulling the load.

Wedge

A simple machine that functions as a moving inclined plane, tapering to a thin edge for splitting or tightening by being driven into something.

Screw

An inclined plane wrapped around a cylinder forming a path and pitch, which changes rotary motion to linear force.

Pitch

The distance measured between two consecutive threads on a screw.

Fluid

Any substance that can flow, including liquids and gases such as water, oil, and air.

Pressure

The force applied per unit area, expressed mathematically as $P = \frac{F}{A}$.

Pascal's Principle

The principle stating that when pressure is applied to a confined fluid, the pressure is transmitted equally in all directions throughout the fluid.

Hydraulic System

A system that uses fluid pressure in nearly incompressible liquids to multiply force.

Buoyancy

The upward force exerted by a fluid on an object that is immersed in it.

Archimedes' Principle

The principle stating that an object submerged in a fluid experiences an upward buoyant force equal to the weight of the fluid displaced by the object, defined by $F_b = \rho g V$.

Germ Theory

The scientific theory demonstrated by Louis Pasteur stating that microorganisms (microbes) are responsible for infectious diseases, food spoilage, and fermentation.

Pasteurization

A food safety process involving heating liquids to a specific temperature for a period to kill harmful microbes without altering taste or quality.

Alexander Fleming

The scientist who discovered penicillin in $1928$, introducing the first widely used antibiotic to treat bacterial infections.

Leo Baekeland

The chemist who developed Bakelite, marking the creation of one of the first synthetic plastics.

Fritz Haber

The chemist who developed a process for producing synthetic ammonia, an essential ingredient used in agricultural fertilizers.

Electrical Overloading

A common electrical hazard occurring when too many appliances are connected to a single outlet or extension cord, causing excessive heat and fire risks.

Electrocution

Severe injury or death resulting from electric shock.

Energy Loss

The waste of electrical energy when it is unintentionally converted into unwanted forms, primarily heat, due to inefficient devices or faulty wiring.

Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)

The standard unit electric companies use to measure electrical energy usage over time, where $1\,kWh$ equals consuming $1,000\,W$ for $1\,hour$.

Inverter Appliance

An appliance designed to adjust its power consumption according to real-time cooling or heating demands, reducing electricity usage.

Energy Conservation Campaign

An organized educational effort that aims to inform, remind, and encourage people to reduce electrical waste, practice safety, and protect the environment.

Active Ingredients

The main chemical components within household or personal care products responsible for performing the primary task, such as cleaning or disinfecting.

Surfactants

Key chemical ingredients in soaps and detergents that reduce surface tension to lift, emulsify, and remove dirt and grease.

Sodium Hypochlorite

The active oxidizing chemical agent found in bleach, represented by the chemical formula $NaClO$, that breaks down stains and kills bacteria.

Food and Drug Administration (FDA)

The regulatory agency responsible for overseeing cosmetics and personal care products, ensuring safe formulations, registration, and proper labeling.

Department of Trade and Industry (DTI)

The government body that enforces consumer product safety acts, requiring clear labeling and safety warnings to protect consumers.

Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR)

The environmental regulation authority overseeing guidelines for chemical waste disposal and managing hazardous environmental impacts.

Corrosive Hazard

A hazard classification assigned to chemical products, such as drain openers and toilet cleaners, that cause severe burns to skin and eyes and corrode metal surfaces.