1750-1900 Ap World Princeton Review Terms

Neocolonialism

The practice of using economic, political, and cultural pressures to control or influence countries, especially former dependencies, in the absence of direct military or political control.

Mexican Revolution

A major armed struggle from 1910 to 1920 that transformed Mexican society and government, leading to the end of dictatorship and the establishment of a constitutional republic.

Thomas Hobbes

An English philosopher, best known for his political philosophy outlined in his work Leviathan, where he argued for a strong central authority to avoid chaos and conflict.

Porfirio Díaz

A Mexican general and politician who served as president of Mexico for over three decades, known for his authoritarian regime and modernization efforts.

John Locke

An English philosopher whose ideas on government and natural rights influenced the Enlightenment and the development of political liberalism.

Túpac Amaru II

An indigenous leader who led an uprising against Spanish colonial rule in Peru during the late 18th century, advocating for the rights of indigenous people.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau

A French philosopher and writer, whose works on political theory and education significantly influenced the French Revolution and modern political thought.

Samory Touré

A Muslim military leader and founder of the Wassoulou Empire, who resisted French colonization in West Africa during the late 19th century.

Ghost Dance

A spiritual movement among Native American tribes in the late 19th century that was supposed to bring about the restoration of their way of life and expel white settlers.

Voltaire

A French Enlightenment writer and philosopher known for his advocacy of freedom of speech, separation of church and state, and criticism of established religion.

Montesquieu

A French political philosopher best known for his theory of the separation of powers, which influenced modern democratic governance.

Mahdists

Supporters of Muhammad Ahmad, who proclaimed himself the Mahdi and led a revolt against British and Egyptian rule in Sudan in the 19th century.

Enlightened monarchs

European monarchs in the 18th century who embraced Enlightenment ideas, focusing on reform and the promotion of reason and scientific thought.

Enclosure

The process of consolidating small landholdings into larger farms in England during the 18th and 19th centuries, leading to increased agricultural efficiency but displacement of peasant farmers.

Neoclassical Period

A period in the late 18th and early 19th centuries in art, literature, and architecture characterized by a return to classical ideals of harmony, proportion, and simplicity.

Urbanization

The process by which rural areas develop into cities, often characterized by an increase in population and changes in land use.

French and Indian War

A conflict between Britain and France in North America from 1754 to 1763, part of the larger Seven Years' War, which resulted in British dominance in North America.

Domestic system

A production system prevalent before the Industrial Revolution where goods were produced by artisans in their homes rather than in factories.

Seven Years' War

A global conflict fought from 1756 to 1763 that involved most of the great powers of the time, leading to significant territorial changes and conflicts in colonial areas.

Flying shuttle

A key invention by John Kay in 1733 that revolutionized weaving by allowing a single weaver to operate a loom more efficiently.

George Grenville

British Prime Minister known for implementing policies such as the Stamp Act that provoked colonial dissent in America.

Spinning jenny

A multi-spindle spinning frame invented by James Hargreaves in 1764 that allowed a worker to spin several threads at once, significantly increasing textile production.

Charles Townshend

A British politician known for the Townshend Acts, which imposed duties on imported goods in the American colonies.

Eli Whitney

An American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry in the United States.

Revenue Act

A law enacted by the British Parliament in 1767, imposing duties on goods imported into the American colonies.

Cotton gin

A machine invented by Eli Whitney in 1793 that quickly separates cotton fibers from their seeds, significantly increasing cotton production.

Stamp Act

A 1765 British law imposing a tax on all printed materials in the American colonies, leading to widespread protests.

Steam engine

An engine that uses steam to generate power, which became a key driver of industrialization in the 18th and 19th centuries.

James Watt

A Scottish inventor and engineer who improved the steam engine, leading to its widespread use during the Industrial Revolution.

Tea Act

A 1773 British law that granted the British East India Company the right to ship tea directly to the colonies, undermining colonial tea merchants.

Thomas Paine

An English-American political activist and revolutionary figure best known for his pamphlet 'Common Sense', advocating for American independence.

Robert Fulton

An American engineer and inventor who is credited with developing the first commercially successful steamboat.

Declaration of Independence

The document adopted on July 4, 1776, declaring the thirteen American colonies' independence from British rule.

Steamship

A boat or ship that is propelled by a steam engine, which greatly improved maritime travel and trade.

Estates-General

An assembly representing the three estates of France: clergy, nobility, and commoners, called by the King to discuss issues of taxation and reform.

George Stephenson

An English engineer known as the 'Father of Railways' for developing the locomotive and railway systems.

National Assembly

The revolutionary assembly formed by the representatives of the Third Estate in France in 1789, marking the beginning of the French Revolution.

Steam-powered locomotive

A rail vehicle powered by a steam engine, which became key to industrial transportation in the 19th century.

Declaration of the Rights of Man

A fundamental document of the French Revolution, outlining the individual rights of citizens and principles of liberty, equality, and fraternity.

Telegraph

A system for transmitting messages over long distances using coded signals, developed in the 19th century.

Telephone

An invention by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876 that allows for voice communication over distances through electrical signals.

Lightbulb

An electric light source, invented by Thomas Edison in the late 19th century, that transformed indoor lighting.

Internal combustion engine

An engine that generates power by burning fuel inside the engine, a key component in automobiles and many machines.

Jacobins

A political group during the French Revolution known for their radicalism and commitment to republicanism.

Committee of Public Safety

A powerful committee established during the French Revolution, responsible for protecting the revolution and overseeing government operations.

Radio

A technology that uses radio waves to transmit sound, developed in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Maximilien Robespierre

A leading figure in the French Revolution, known for his role in the Reign of Terror and promotion of radical change.

Charles Darwin

An English naturalist known for his theory of evolution by natural selection, as outlined in his book 'On the Origin of Species'.

Interchangeable parts

Manufactured components that are designed to be easily replaced or substituted, leading to efficiencies in mass production.

Directory

The governing body in France from 1795 to 1799, which followed the National Convention, characterized by political corruption and instability.

Napoleon Bonaparte

A French military leader who rose to prominence during the French Revolution and became Emperor of the French, known for his reforms and military conquests.

Assembly line

A manufacturing process in which parts are added sequentially to create a finished product, improving efficiency and production speed.

Napoleonic Codes

A set of civil laws enacted by Napoleon that influenced legal systems in various countries, promoting principles of equality and property rights.

Adam Smith

An 18th-century Scottish economist known for his work 'The Wealth of Nations', which laid the foundation for modern economic theory.

Prince von Metternich

A prominent Austrian diplomat and statesman who played a key role in European politics and the Congress of Vienna.

Free-market system

An economic system in which prices are determined by unrestricted competition between privately owned businesses.

Alexander I of Russia

Emperor of Russia from 1801 to 1825, known for his role in the Napoleonic Wars and his participation in the Congress of Vienna.

Capitalism

An economic system characterized by private or corporate ownership of capital goods and investments driven by profit.

Duke of Wellington

A British military leader who defeated Napoleon at the Battle of Waterloo in 1815.

Laissez-faire capitalism

An economic philosophy of free-market capitalism that opposes government intervention in the economy.

Waterloo

The site of the decisive battle in 1815 where Napoleon Bonaparte was defeated, marking the end of his rule.

Karl Marx

A German philosopher and economist known for his theories on capitalism and socialism, particularly as outlined in 'The Communist Manifesto'.

Congress of Vienna

A conference held in 1814-1815 to reestablish order in Europe after the Napoleonic Wars and to create a balance of power.

Socialism

An economic and political system where the means of production are owned and regulated by the community as a whole.

Balance of power

A political concept where national power is distributed among various states to prevent one from becoming too strong.

Communism

A socio-political and economic ideology advocating for a classless society where all property is publicly owned.

Pierre Toussaint L'Ouverture

A leader of the Haitian Revolution who played a key role in ending slavery and establishing Haitian independence.

Luddites

A social movement in early 19th century England of workers who destroyed machinery as a protest against industrialization.

Jacques Dessalines

A leader in the Haitian Revolution who declared Haiti's independence from France and became its first ruler.

Factory Act of 1883

A law passed in the United Kingdom aimed at improving working conditions in factories, particularly for women and children.

Simón Bolívar

A Venezuelan military and political leader who played a key role in Latin America's successful struggle for independence from Spanish rule.

Labor unions

Organizations formed by workers to advocate for their rights and interests, particularly regarding wages and working conditions.

José de San Martin

An Argentine general and key leader in the southern part of South America's struggle for independence from Spain.

Social mobility

The ability for individuals or groups to move up or down the social hierarchy.

John VI

King of Portugal who ruled during the Napoleonic Wars and fled to Brazil, making it the de facto capital of the Portuguese Empire.

Victor Emmanuel II

The first king of a unified Italy, who played a significant role in the Italian unification process.

Pedro II

The last emperor of Brazil, known for his efforts to modernize and develop the country.

Count Camillo Cavour

An Italian statesman and a leading figure in the unification of Italy, known for his diplomatic and strategic skills.

Miguel Hidalgo

A Mexican Roman Catholic priest who initiated the Mexican War of Independence with his 'Grito de Dolores' in 1810.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian general and nationalist who played a significant role in the unification of Italy.

José Morelos

A key leader in the Mexican War of Independence who succeeded Miguel Hidalgo and advocated for social reforms.

William I

The first German Emperor, known for his role in politically uniting Germany through the efforts of Otto von Bismarck.

Otto von Bismarck

The German statesman who unified Germany and served as its first Chancellor, known for his Realpolitik approach.

Franco-Prussian War

A conflict between France and Prussia from 1870 to 1871 that resulted in German unification and the creation of the German Empire.

William II

The last German Emperor and King of Prussia who reigned from 1888 to 1918, known for his militaristic policies.

Propaganda Movement

A campaign in the late 19th century in the Philippines that sought reforms from Spanish colonial rule through literature and writing.

Lola Rodríguez de Tió

A Puerto Rican poet and activist known for her works advocating for independence from Spanish rule.

Alexander II

The Emperor of Russia who enacted significant reforms, including the emancipation of serfs in 1861.

Emancipation Edict

A decree issued by Alexander II in 1861 that freed serfs in Russia and aimed to modernize the country.

The People's Will

A revolutionary organization in Russia that sought to overthrow the Tsarist regime and was known for its assassination of Tsar Alexander II.

Russification

A policy aimed at promoting Russian culture and suppressing non-Russian cultures within the Russian Empire.

Transnational businesses

Businesses that operate in multiple countries beyond their original national jurisdiction.

Social Darwinists

Those who applied the concept of 'survival of the fittest' to human societies, often justifying imperialist policies.

Rudyard Kipling

An English writer and poet known for his works on British imperialism, including 'The Jungle Book' and 'Kim'.

'White Man's Burden'

A phrase used to justify imperialism, suggesting it was the duty of Western powers to civilize non-Western societies.

British East India Company

A British trading company that played a significant role in the colonization of India.

Robert Clive

An officer of the British East India Company, known for his role in establishing British control over India.

Bahadur Shah II

The last Mughal emperor of India, deposed by the British after the 1857 rebellion.

Indian National Congress

A political party in India formed in 1885 that aimed to obtain a greater share in government for educated Indians.

Opium War

A conflict between Britain and China (1839-1842) over trade imbalances, particularly British opium exports to China.