BIOL1408 Maymester Lab Practical 2

magnification

The amount that an object's image is enlarged

resolution

The extent to which detail in an image is preserved during the magnifying process

contrast

The degree to which image details stand out against their background

field of view

Circle of light that is visible through the lens

parfocal

Once a lower power objective has been focused, you can rotate to a higher power objective and the image will remain in coarse focus, requiring only slight movement of the fine focus knob

parcentral

The center of the field of view remains about the same for each objective

depth of field

The distance through which a microscopic specimen can be moved and still have it remain in focus

total magnification

Total enlargement of the microscopes ocular multiplied by the objective
Ex: 10 x 100 \= 1000

macromolecules

Large organic molecules of which all cells are made

carbohydrates

A simple sugar or a larger molecule composed of multiple sugar units

monosaccharide

Single sugar molecule

disaccharide

Two monosaccharides bonded together

polysaccharide

More than two monosaccharides bonded together resulting in a large carbohydrate

lipid

Oils and fats that are insoluble in water and soluble in non

protein

nitrogenous organic compounds that consist of large molecules composed of one or more long chains of amino acids

amino acid

an organic molecule containing a carboxyl group and an amino group; serves as the monomer of proteins

Distilled water

____________ acted as the control in each experiment because it was always a constant

cell

What all living organisms are made of

prokaryotic

A cell with no nucleus or nuclear envelope, genetic material in a region called a nucleoid, no membrane bound organelles

eukaryotic

A cell that has a membrane bound nucleus and membrane bound organelles

nucleus

Control center of a cell that contains DNA, site of first step in protein synthesis

organelle

Specialized structures within a cell that perform a specific metabolic function

solution

Mixtures in which 1 or more substances are uniformly distributed in another substance (sugar water)

solute

substance being dissolved (sugar)

solvent

substance that dissolves the solute (water)

selectively permeability

Selectively permeable membranes regulate the passage of molecules into and out of the cell. (only certain molecules can pass through)

diffusion

movement of molecules from a higher to lower concentration until equilibrium is reached

osmosis

The passive movement of water molecules from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solute concentration through a semi

concentration gradient

A difference in the number per unit volume of molecules of a substance in two adjacent regions

equilibrium

when the concentration of a solute is the same throughout a solution, If the molecules become evenly distributed, equal concentration on either side of the membrane. There is no further met movement from one side of the membrane to the other.

crenation

Shrinkage of Red Blood Cells due to water loss; hypertonic solution

hemolysis

swelling and bursting of a cell. (destruction of a blood cell); hypotonic solution

turgid

Plant cell swells up during a hypotonic process

plasmolysis

Plant cells will wilt or shrivel due to water loss in a hypertonic solution

Diffusion, osmosis

_________ deals with any solution moving from a high concentration gradient to a lower while _________ is water movement across a selectively permeable membrane from higher to lower

Faster, faster

Substances dissolve (faster/slower) in higher temperatures and lower molecular weight dissolves (faster/slower)

Starch, alkaline

Lugol's iodine is used to test for the presence of _____ while phenolphthalein is used for the presence of an ______ substance.

catalyst

A substance that lowers the amount of energy necessary for a chemical reaction to proceed

enzyme

Proteins that function as biological catalysts

activation energy

The amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction

substrate

The reactant (substance being acted upon) in an enzyme

product

The final energy content after an enzyme

active site

The specific portion of the enzyme to which a substrate binds during reaction.

enzyme

substrate complex

Increase, lower

Enzymes drastically (increase/decrease) the rate of energy produced in chemical reactions by utilizing a catalyst to (lower/raise) the amount of activation energy required in the active site of the substrate

enzyme specificity

Enzymes acting on one particular substrate or a small number of structurally similar substrates based on their three

denaturation

When an enzyme loses its ability to function. Can be caused by excessively high temperatures,change in pH, or change in its three

Lower, higher

The (lower/higher) the pH the less a reaction will occur while (lower/higher) pH will still have a reaction though it will be lesser than its optimum value of 7

optimum pH for catechol oxidase

7