World History 2

84-122

sultan

holder of power the military and political head of state under the seljuk turks and the ottomans 

golden horn

an inlet and freshwater estuary of the separating Asian turkey from European turkey

bosporus

a strait that connects the black sea and the sea marmara

gunpowder empire

an empire formed outside conquerors who unified the regions they conquered through their mastery of firearms

balkans

peninsula in southeastern europe between the adriatic and ionian seas on the west and the aegean and black seas on the east

anatolian peninsula

the peninsula of land that is the asian part of present-day turkey also called asia minor

caliph

the civil and religious leaders of the muslim people a titler created after the deatn of muhammad

khyber pass

a mountain pass between present-day afghanistan and pakistan the pass is one of only a few access points between the indian subcontinents and the rest of asia

janissary

a soldier in the elite guard of the ottomans turks

artillery

cannons

harem

sacred place the privet domain of an ottoman

grand vizier

the ottoman sultan's chief minister who advised the sultan on secular matters and led the council meetings

pasha

an appointed official of the ottoman empire collected taxes maintained law and order and was directly responsible to the sultan's court

ulema

a group of religious scholars who served as advisers to the ottoman sultan this group administered the legal system and schools for educating muslims

craft guild

an association of workers of the same occupation or trade for mutual benefit

manuscripts

handwritten books

anarchy

political disorder lawlessness

shah

king (used in persia and iran)

orthodoxy

traditional beliefs especially in religion

saltpeter

a crystalline salt potassium nitrate

put to the sack

plundered or destroyed

dispensation

state or order of things

reaped

gathered obtained

infidel

one seen as a religious enemy

zamindar

a local official in mogul south asia who received a plot of farmland for temporary use in return for collecting taxes for the central government

coastal triad

trade from port to port within the same nation or region

suttee

the hindu custom of cremating a window on her husband's funeral pyre

guru

spiritual teacher one who imparts knowledge

jains

people who practice jainism a religion that teaches the path to enlightenment

martyr

one killed for one's faith

gurdwara

sikh place of worship

heritage

knowledge and practices handed down from the past

coopting

taking over usually without authority or right

head tax

fee imposed on every individual in class or group

chancery

office of an embassy

veracity

accuracy truthfulness

unabated

at full strength or force

vested

given as a legal right benefit or privilege

doctrinal

relating to the principles of a system of belief

florescence

a state or period of flourishing

tributes

a payment from one government to another as a sign of respect or dependence

queue

the braided pigtail that was traditionally worn by chinese males

daimyo

great names heads of noble families in japan controlled vast landed estates and relied on samurai for protection

cash crops

crops that are grown for sale rather of personal use