historical discoveries + ppl

Beadle & Tatum

Established the 'One gene, one enzyme' hypothesis using Neurospora (bread mold).

Carl Alexander Neuberg

Introduced the term 'Biochemistry' and is often called the father of modern biochemistry.

Eduard Buchner

Demonstrated alcoholic fermentation using cell-free yeast extracts, showing that active enzymes function outside living cells.

Embden, Meyerhof, & Hans Krebs

Discovered metabolic pathways including glycolysis, the Citric Acid Cycle, and the Urea cycle.

Emil Fischer

Proposed the Lock and Key Model of enzyme-substrate specificity.

Friedrich Miescher

Discovered nucleic acids ('nuclein', now known as DNA).

Friedrich Wöhler

Synthesized urea from lead cyanate and ammonia, disproving the 'vital force' theory.

Fritz Albert Lipmann

Identified ATP as the primary energy currency of biological systems.

Gregor Mendel

Discovered the laws of inheritance (segregation and independent assortment) from a pea plant.

James Sumner

Crystallized urease and proved that enzymes are proteins.

Louis Pasteur

Showed yeast ferments sugar into alcohol or lactic acid.

Robert Brown

Discovered the nucleus in 1833.

Robert Hooke

Proposed the word "cell" after observing a cork under a microscope; Father of Cytology.

Rudolf Virchow

Proposed that cells came from other cells, debunking the theory of spontaneous generation.

Schleiden & Schwann

Formulated the Cell Theory, establishing cells as the fundamental unit of life.

Watson, Crick, & Sanger

Solved the 3D double-helix structure of DNA and sequenced the first complete protein (insulin).

Wilhelm Kuhne

Coined the term 'enzyme'.