saq ventilation and spirometery

Question 1: Explain how the lung is supported and moved during breathing.

The lung is supported by several structures, including

the pleurae and the surrounding thoracic cage.

Question 1: Explain how the lung is supported and moved during breathing.

The pleurae are —- that —- each lung and — the inside of —-

thin membranes

cover

line

the chest wall.

Question 1: Explain how the lung is supported and moved during breathing.

pleurae

They create ? between them,

which allows the lungs to

a fluid-filled pleural space

move smoothly during breathing.

Question 1: Explain how the lung is supported and moved during breathing.

The diaphragm,

?-shaped muscle

a dome

Question 1: Explain how the lung is supported and moved during breathing.

The diaphragm,

located ,

below the lungs

Question 1: Explain how the lung is supported and moved during breathing.

The diaphragm,

plays a crucial role in breathing by contracting and flattening during inspiration, which

increases the volume of the thoracic cavity

pulls air into the lungs.

Question 1: Explain how the lung is supported and moved during breathing.

The diaphragm,

plays a crucial role in breathing by

contracting and flattening during inspiration,

Question 1: Explain how the lung is supported and moved during breathing.

, the intercostal muscles between the ribs help ? during breathing.

expand and contract the chest cavity

Question 2: Discuss the forces that move the lung and chest wall during breathing.

The movement of the lung and chest wall during breathing is primarily driven by

changes in pressure within the thoracic cavity.

Question 2: Discuss the forces that move the lung and chest wall during breathing.

During inspiration, the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, causing

the thoracic cavity to expand.

Question 2: Discuss the forces that move the lung and chest wall during breathing.

the thoracic cavity to expand.

This expansion decreases the pressure inside the thoracic cavity, creating

a pressure gradient that allows air to flow into the lungs.

Question 2: Discuss the forces that move the lung and chest wall during breathing.

During expiration,

the diaphragm and intercostal muscles ,

and the elastic recoil of the lung tissue and chest wall helps

relax

push air out of the lungs.

Question 3: What resistances do the lung and chest wall overcome during breathing?

The lung and chest wall must overcome

both elastic and non-elastic resistances during breathing.

Question 3: What resistances do the lung and chest wall overcome during breathing?

Elastic resistance refers to

the forces opposing lung expansion

Question 3: What resistances do the lung and chest wall overcome during breathing?

Elastic resistance caused by

the elasticity of lung tissue and the surface tension of the alveoli.

Question 3: What resistances do the lung and chest wall overcome during breathing?

Non-elastic resistance includes airway resistance, which is the frictional resistance encountered as air flows through the conducting airways, and tissue resistance, which is the resistance encountered as

the lung tissue deforms during breathing.

Question 3: What resistances do the lung and chest wall overcome during breathing?

Non-elastic resistance includes airway resistance, which is the frictional resistance encountered as air flows through the conducting airways, and tissue resistance, which is the

resistance

Question 3: What resistances do the lung and chest wall overcome during breathing?

Non-elastic resistance includes airway resistance, which is the frictional resistance encountered as air flows through

the conducting airways, and tissue resistance,

Question 3: What resistances do the lung and chest wall overcome during breathing?

Non-elastic resistance includes airway resistance, which is the frictional resistance encountered as

air flows

Question 3: What resistances do the lung and chest wall overcome during breathing?

Non-elastic resistance includes airway resistance, which is

the frictional resistance

Question 3: What resistances do the lung and chest wall overcome during breathing?

Non-elastic resistance includes

airway resistance,

Question 4: Describe the ventilation of gas exchange regions in the lungs.

The gas exchange regions of the lungs, primarily the alveoli, are ventilated through the process of

breathing.

Question 4: Describe the ventilation of gas exchange regions in the lungs.

During inspiration,

air rich in oxygen is

drawn into the alveoli,

Question 4: Describe the ventilation of gas exchange regions in the lungs.

During inspiration,

air rich in oxygen diffuses

across the thin respiratory membrane into the pulmonary capillaries,

Question 4: Describe the ventilation of gas exchange regions in the lungs.

During inspiration,

air rich in oxygen diffuses allowing oxygen to

enter the bloodstream.

Question 4: Describe the ventilation of gas exchange regions in the lungs.

At the same time,

carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli to be exhaled during

expiration.

Question 4: Describe the ventilation of gas exchange regions in the lungs.

At the same time,

carbon dioxide diffuses from the bloodstream into the alveoli to be

exhaled

Question 4: Describe the ventilation of gas exchange regions in the lungs.

At the same time,

carbon dioxide diffuses

from the bloodstream into the alveoli

Question 4: Describe the ventilation of gas exchange regions in the lungs.

This continuous ventilation ensures

efficient gas exchange to meet the body's oxygen demand and remove carbon dioxide waste.

what is this

Pulmonary Elastic Tissue

(van Gieson)

collapsing force” directly proportional to

ST

collapsing force” Inversely Proportional to

Radius

(Laplace’s law)

Presence of Surfactant helps

even out ventilation of different sized alveoli

Surfactant is

a complex mixture of lipids and proteins produced by type II alveolar cells in the lungs.

surfactant

Its primary role is to

reduce surface tension within the alveoli,

preventing alveolar collapse during expiration

promoting lung compliance.

The mechanism of surfactant secretion involves several steps.

First, type II alveolar cells synthesize surfactant components, including phospholipids and surfactant proteins such as

SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D.

The mechanism of surfactant secretion involves several steps.

First, type II alveolar cells synthesize surfactant components, including

phospholipids and surfactant proteins

The mechanism of surfactant secretion involves several steps.

First,

type II alveolar cells synthesize surfactant components,

The mechanism of surfactant secretion involves several steps.

First, type II alveolar cells synthesize surfactant components, including phospholipids and surfactant proteins such as SP-A, SP-B, SP-C, and SP-D. These components are packaged into

lamellar bodies within the type II cells.

surfactant secretion

Upon stimulation, lamellar bodies fuse with the cell membrane, releasing

surfactant into the alveolar space.

surfactant secretion

Upon stimulation, lamellar bodies

fuse with the cell membrane,

surfactant secretion

Upon stimulation, lamellar bodies fuse with the cell membrane, releasing surfactant into the alveolar space. Once in the alveoli, surfactant molecules form

a thin film that coats the inner surface of the alveoli.

surfactant secretion

This surfactant film reduces surface tension, particularly at the air-liquid interface, which helps to stabilize the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing at the end of expiration. This process is crucial for maintaining lung compliance and preventing conditions such as atelectasis or respiratory distress syndrome, especially in

premature infants who may have insufficient surfactant production.

surfactant secretion

This process is crucial for maintaining lung compliance and preventing conditions such as

atelectasis or respiratory distress syndrome,

surfactant secretion

This process is crucial for

maintaining lung compliance

surfactant secretion

This surfactant film reduces surface tension, particularly at the air-liquid interface, which helps to

stabilize the alveoli and prevents them from collapsing at the end of expiration.

surfactant secretion

This surfactant film reduces

surface tension,

Consider how gas gets to the alveoli.

Gas gets to the alveoli through the process of .

ventilation

Ventilation involves

the movement of air into and out of the lungs through the respiratory tract.

During inhalation (inspiration), the diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract,

expanding the thoracic cavity

lowering the air pressure within the lungs.

inhale

This decrease in pressure causes air from the environment to f

flow into the lungs, carrying oxygen.

Once inside the lungs,

oxygen diffuses across

the alveolar-capillary membrane into the bloodstream,

oxygen in alveoli

where it binds to

hemoglobin in red blood cells for transport to tissues throughout the body.

carbon dioxide produced by

cellular metabolism

carbon dioxide diffuses from

the bloodstream into the alveoli and is expelled from the body during exhalation (expiration).