Midterm Vocabulary terms=Module 1 Biology Keystones

Diffusion

the mixing of two substances by the random motion of molecules

Osmosis

the diffusion of water across a membrane

Facilitated Diffusion

transport of substances through channels with the concentration gradient, no energy required

Active Transport

go against the concentration gradient and require energy

Enzyme

a protein molecule that acts as a catalyst in a chemical reaction, reduces energy required and is reusable

Catalyst

speeds up a chemical reaction

Substrate

the reactants in an enzyme reaction

Prokaryotes

bacteria that have no nucleus and no membrane-bound organelles, but do have ribosomes and a cell membrane

Eukaryotes

all cells other than bacteria, contain a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Autotrophs

organisms that convert energy from the sun to make their own food or organic compounds

Heterotrophs

organisms that get energy by consuming other organisms

Molecule

a group of atoms bonded together

Reactants

the elements or compounds that enter a chemical reaction

Products

the elements or compounds that are produced by a chemical reaction

Covalent bond

a chemical bond in which two or more atoms share valence electrons to form a molecule

Hydrogen bond

a weak bond between two molecules ie. attraction between polar water molecules

Polarity

occurs when a molecule has a slight negative charge on one side and a slight positive charge on the opposite

Dehydration Synthesis

bonding monomers to make a polymer, water is released

Adhesion

water molecules are attracted to other molecules or surfaces

Capillarity

water moves up narrow tubes against gravity

Polymer

a large molecule made of repeating subunit molecules

Monomer

smaller subunit molecules that make up polymers

Hydrolysis

breaking down a polymer into monomers, water is required

Cohesion

water molecules are attracted to other water molecules

Nucleus

contains DNA, instructions to create proteins

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis, where proteins are made

Endoplasmic reticulum

transports proteins in a pathway of membranes, adds lipids

Golgi Body

processes and packages proteins into vesicles

Vesicles

small circular membrane containing proteins, pinches off ER or Golgi

Mitochondria

site of cellular respiration, produces ATP

Cell membrane aka. Plasma membrane

selectively permeable barrier between intra-cellular and extra-cellular environment, controls what enters and leaves the cell, made of a lipid bilayer and proteins

Central Vacuole

large open space in plant cells, storage

Cell Wall

gives structure and support in bacteria, plants, fungi and protists

Chloroplast

site of photosynthesis, transforms light energy into organic molecules

Solute

molecule or ion dissolved in the solvent

Concentration Gradient

measurement of how the concentration of something changes from one place to another, from high to low concentration or crowded to less crowded

Passive Transport

go with the concentration gradient and require no energy

ATP

high energy molecule, fuels cell processes

Photosynthesis

the process which autotrophs perform to transform light energy to chemical energy

Cellular Respiration

the process which all organisms perform to transform energy from glucose into ATP