Chapter 9- Criminology

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Grade 12 Law

Law

25 Terms

1

Utilitarianism

belief that the law should ensure the greatest good for the greatest number of people

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2

anomie theory

theory where a person choose criminal activity because they think there is no reason not to

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3

social conflict theory

marxist based theory; argues that people and groups within society interact on the basis of conflict than consensus

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4

criminal conduct

conduct that can harm personal safety, health, property, and general social order

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5

classical school of thought

school of criminology developed by philosophers in the 18th century; people acted independently making decisions about behavior through rational thought.; use of phrenology

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6

Positivist school of thought

Use of science than philosophy; using biological factors to link to criminal activity and how criminals need treatment than punishment

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7

Social structure school of thought

theory that offers other explanations of the cause of crimes; use of conflict theory, cultural values, social upbringing, class division, lack of social cohesion, and inability to achieve one’s goals

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8

phrenology

study of confirmation of measurements of bumps on the skull to determine mental traits

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9

psychological theories

theories that propose criminal conduct is due to repressed memories of guilt, causing someone to have a compelling need to be punished

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10

moral development theory

individuals develop through stages in life where they learn about right and wrong and how to reason morally

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11

personality theory

shows how characteristics are tied to criminal activity; sociopaths/psychopaths show a complete lack of conscience or remorse for their actions

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12

sociopath

disorder marked by personal history of continuous antisocial behavior where rights of others are violated; manifested through persistent criminality and irresponsible behavior

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13

intent

mental desire and will to act in a particular way

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14

subjective intent

intent that pertains to a person’s personal thoughts, beliefs, or intentions at a specific moment; involves evidence such as statements made by the accused, their behavior, and other factors leading up to the crime to indicate their mental state at the time of the offense

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15

objective intent

focuses on the visible and external outcome of the intent; external/observable actions of a person rather than their internal thoughts determine whether or not a person showed conscious and voluntary disregard for the law and if t

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16

strict liability

accused is convicted unless they can prove they acted with due diligence

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17

absolute liability

offences that allow for no defense and fault is not an issue; accused will be convicted based on the actus reus of the offense

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18

due diligence

steps taken by a person in order to satisfy a legal requirement in buying or selling something

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19

general intent

accused meant to commit the crime

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20

specific intent

involves intent in addition to general intent

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21

transferred intent

accused intended to commit a crime against one person but injured another instead

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22

indictable offense

more serious offense

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23

summary offense

less serious offense

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24

hybrid offense

offense that can be considered summary or indictable at the option of the crown

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25

restorative justice

justice that is rights-based where equity and fairness were the main goals

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