AP Art History 250

76. School of Athens

Form:

-fresco

-spatial illusionism

-fluid/interlocking

-same style as Sistine figures

-roundalls

-barrel vaults

-coffers

Content:

-branches of knowledge under faith

-philosophy and science

-Plate: idealism (points up)

-Aristole: realism (points down)

-Raphael self portrait

-Michaelangel on block of marble

-poetry, imagination

-disputah: faith and reason

-heavenly court of prophets and saints

-Jesus in full body halo

-Stanza della Segnatura: room of signatures

-acorns: symbol of family

Function:

-expresses knowledge and faith

Context:

-artist: Raphael

High Renaissance 1509-11 Vatican Palace under Pope Julius II

80. Venus of Urbino

Form:

-oil on canvas

-rich colors (red)

-nude reclining

-celebrating female body

-paints thin layer of paint to create flow and softness

Content:

-woman reclining while maids get her clothing

-dog=wealth

-seduction look= erotic

Function:

-wedding gift

Context:

-artist: Titian

-Ventian Renaissance 1538 CE

81. Frontispiece of the Codex Mendoza

Form:

-codex

-city laid out in 4 sections

-text

-ink and color on paper

Content:

-Part 1: creation of the City of Tenochtitlan (eagle on cactus describes how city was founded)

-Part 2: conquests achieved by Aztec alliances

-Part 3: daily life

-Templo Mayor

-canals dividing cities

Function:

-made for Spanish viceroy

-historical account for the Aztecs

Context:

-Aztecs 1541-42 CE

82. Church of Il Gesu

Form:

-building: marble, brick

-ceiling: fresco and stucco

-Lation cross plan, simple

-single aisle

-Post Reformation

Content:

-faith through the senses

-Last Judgement (ceiling) spatial illusionism, end of Baroque period

-IHS: interpretation of Jesus' name

Function:

-mother church for the Jesuits of the world

Context:

-architect: Giacomo da Vignola

-facade: Giacomo della Porta

-ceiling: Giovanni Battista Gaulli

-Jesuits are great defenders of the pope

-ceiling made 100 years later (1676)

-Rome, Italy

83. Hunters in the Snow

Form:

-endless, winter landscape

-panoramic view

-apart of series of 4 seasons

-oil on wood

Content:

-hunters coming back after an unsuccessful hunt (only one rabbit)

-people iceskating and curling (shows daily life)

-broken sign above inn

-vastness and beauty of world

Function:

-part of calendar series

0show how they had to get their food

0for dining room of wealth merchant in Antwerp

Context:

-artist: Peter Bruegel the Elder

1565 High Renaissance North

-Antwerp

85. Calling of St. Matthew

Form:

-metaphysical painting

-Baroque (Counter Reformation, through your sense)

-diagonal light (tenebrism)

-realism/illusionism

-unusal setting for Jesus

Content:

-meant to be contemplated

-Jesus extended hand (same hand as in Sistine Chapel)

-Matthew sitting with fellow tax collectors

Function:

-body and soul are between a spiritual reality and physical reality

-Jesus shown in modern environment

-part of 3 part series

-use of light

-in chapel

Context:

-artist: Caravaggio; Rome, Italy

-1559-1600

-Contarelli Chapel

86. Henri IV Recieves Portrait of Marie de 'Medici

Form:

-oil on canvas

-floating figures

-part of a cycle

-shows an event in her life

-Catholic Baroque

Content:

-Henry IV present the picture of Marie that confirmed his religious identity; married a Catholic queen

-marries her so he can have a son and recreate him in a Catholic way

-Jupiter and Juno gives blessing to them

Function:

-"early harmony"

-part of a tribute to her life

-show that their marriage was official bc portrait

-shows political power, sophistication, and stability

Context:

-Peter Paul Rubens (Flemish painter)

-from Marie de' Medici cycle displayed in the Louvre

-1621-25 CE Flemish Baroque

87. Self Portrait with Saskia

Form:

-Dutch Baroque

-difference in emphasis on the figures

-exists in 3 different states

-rich tonal quality

-abrupt spatial construction

-etching (exposing metal)

-genre: private movement between husband and wife

-small scale

Content:

-Rembrandt and wife in historical clothing

-wife, Saskia died at the age of 30 (only piece he did of her)

-Rembrandt drawing his drawing

-exploring who he is

Function:

-self portrait/marriage portrait

-role playing

Context:

-Rembrandt 1636

-he is mostly a portrait maker

-Dutch, Amsterdam

-Dutch Baroque

89. Ectasy of Saint Teresa

Form:

-marble, stucco, gilt bronze

-rich color

-many shapes and directions

-spiritual vs. physical

-Baroque

-shallow carving

-Counter-Reformation

Content:

-St. Teresa having a vision (physical and spiritual experience)

-fresco on ceiling

-Holy Spirit as a dove, light coming from HS

-columns serving as a frame as you enter chapel

-real daylight explosion

Function:

-Bernini's comeback after his scandal with mistress

-inspire and involve the viewer by bring sculptures to life

-after St. Teresa canonized

-shows union of world

Context:

-Rome; 1647-52

-artist: Bernini (very religious)

-sculpter, architect, painter

-Italian Baroque

90. Angel with Aequebus

Form:

-Spanish Colonial Baroque

-idealistic

-Latin inscription

-oil paint

-part of a large history

Content:

-guns from 80 years war

-feathered crown

-nobility

-elegant clothing

-Catholic missionary

-Asiel fears God

-Church=army

-angel=soldiers

-aristocratic clothing

-Angel with gun

Function:

-militarist approach to faith

-propaganda for war

Context:

-17th century Peru

-artist: Asiel Timor Dei

91. Las Meninas

Form:

-use of mirrors (Baroque)

-movement in strokes not as detailed as you think

-large painting

-gaze

Content:

-maids of honor and daughter

-dog=wealth

-self portrait of Velazquez

-painting in a painting

(Velasquez painting this painting

-people looking at viewer

Function:

-view of palace life

-show wealth/status

-made for Philip IV (the viewer)

-genre painting

Context:

-1656 CE; Prado, Madrid

-artist: Diego Velazquez

-Spanish Baroque

92. Woman Holding a Balance

Form:

-Catholic elements

-Scientific lighting

-genre scene

-small scale, oil on canvas

-use of light

-vanishing point

-color palette

Content:

-women part of upperclass (fine clothing)

-fur coat

-balance has nothing in it

-weighing valuables

-Last Judgement scene above

Function:

-material wealth

-painting for merchants

-religious meaning but not painted just for Church

-time and change

Context:

-artist: Johannes Vermeer

-1664 Dutch Baroque

93. The Palace of Versailles

Form:

-east-west axis

-rigorous geometry

-classical architecture (symmetry, repetitive, and based on Greek temples)

-gold

-painted ceilings

-outside is not as "ornate"

-symmetrical

-Greek/Roman influence

-mirrors (hall of mirrors)

Content:

-Hall of mirrors (social gatherings)

-700 rooms

-gardens

-sculptures, paintings, fountains tributed to him

Function:

-King Louis XIV decided to build a new palace

-example of nobility

-living for King, his close friends, family, servants, and soldiers)

-emphasize Louis' importance (everything revolves around him

Context:

-Versailles, France

-Louis Le Vaw and Jules Hardouin-Mansart= architects

-began in 1669 CE, French Baroque

94. Screen with Seige of Belgrade and hunting scene

Form:

-Japanese folding screen (Biombo)

-Spanish Colonial Baroque

-tapestry

-tempora/resin on wood

-shell inlay (Aztec)

Content:

-historical event from Europe

-one side: battle scene

-other side: landscape

-Great Turkish War

-combines multiple cultures

Function:

-expresses exonomic power of the Spanish in Colonial Mexico

-made Spanish viceroy

-room divider (biombo- Japanese folding screen)

-relationship between Japan and Latin America

Context:

-Circle of Gonzalez Family, 1697-1701 CE

-Spanish Colonial

95. The Virgin of Guadalupe

Form:

-based upon the original

-oil on canvas on wood inlaid with pearls

Content:

-artist signature

-traditional view

-story of Juan Diego (Aztec man)

-roses with her image

-radiating light off Mary

-indigenous coming to Roman Catholic Church

-dark-skinned people portraits

FunctionL

-tribute to Mary and show her as divine

Context:

-1698 CE, Spanish Colonial

-Mexico City, Basiclia of Guadalupe

-artist: Miguel Gonzalez

96. Fruit and Insects

Form:

-still life

-Baroque

-oil on wood

-colors, detailed

Content:

-insects, fruit

-wheat and grapes= Jesus?

-bringing different compositions together

Function:

-harvest in autumn

-microscopic organisms: used microscope to study these organisms

Context:

-artist: Rachel Ruysch (Dutch arist; last famous still painter)

-Florence, Italy 1711 CE (18th century)

97. Spaniard and Indian Produce a Mestizo

Form:

-casta painting (displays mother, father, and child) possibly modeled after the Holy Family

-text is the title of the piece

-enlightenment

Content:

-woman wearing traditional Indian clothing and white father with their mixed race son (Father wearing French-style European clothing)

-servant carrying the son

-family appears content

-racial purity=whiteness

Function:

-displays social status (tied up in one's racial makeup)- helped maintain European power and control

Context:

-artist: Juan Rodriguez Juarez

-1715 CE (height of slave trade)

98. The Tete a Tete from Marriage a la Mock

Form:

-looks like French Rococo (uses to make fun of the French

Content:

-critques upper-class for getting married because of bloodlines and family

-shows the couple is married but not faithful to eachother

-man being sniffed by dog because smell of another woman's perfume

-woman has been out all night trying to become popular

-part of a series (arranged marriages end badly, marriage should be about love)

-sign that sex occurred before husband came back home (flipped over chair)

-merchant gives up on couple because they won't take finances seriously

Function:

-satire from British to French

-art being made for the growing middle class

Context:

-artist: William Hogarth (social critic)

-1743 CE

99. Portrait of Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz

Form:

- style: enlightenment

-baroque: billowing red curtain

-oil on canvas

Content:

-typical nun looks

-surrounded by books (educated)

-nun=sor

-wearing a shield

-has painting of Virgin Mary

-hold St. Jerome's translation of the Bible (her religious order is named after him)

-toys with rosary in her left hand

-gaze directly at viewer

-red curtains shows higher status

-woman taking on the clergy

Function:

-conveys religious and intellectual status

-feminist

Context:

-artist: Miguel Cabrera

-1750 CE

-location: Mexico City

100. A Philosopher Giving a Lecture on the Orrery

Form:

-Tenebrism now used in secular aspects (mimicking Caravaggio)

-Chiaroscuro: contrast between light and dark

Content:

-orrery: model of the solar system (heliocentric)

-philosopher explain something to people in painting (education is sacred)

Function:

-introduction to science

-celebrates access to knowledge

-shift from religion to science

-philosophical groups emerging

Context:

-1763-1765 CE

-artist: Joseph Wright of Derby

101. The Swing

Form:

-style: Rococo- love, pastels, aristocracy, arabesques, delicate paint application

-oil on canvas

Content:

-ideal love gardens with sculptures

-cupid whispering

-attendant swinging her=elite

-foot with expensive shoe

-French garden

-"peeping tom" in lower left

Function:

-made for aristocrats to decorate buildings

-show the pleasures and decadence enjoyed by the elite

Context:

-1767 CE (18th century)

-artist: Jean-Honore Fragonard

-Enlightenment

102. Monticello

Form:

-classical and enlightenment ideals (neoclassical) combining Italian Renaissance and French Classical architecture

-domestic

-symmetrical

-brick, glass, stone, wood

Content:

-expresses American virtue of a Republic through architecture

-two column deep extended portico that support triangular pediment decorated by a semicircular window (doric columns)

-shallow dome

Function:

-plantation house for Jefferson

Context:

-Virginia, USA 1768-1809

-Romanticism/Classicism on the rise

103. The Oath of the Horatii

Form:

-neoclassical (physicality and intense emotions)

-dramatic, rhetorical gestures

-geometric forms with the contrasting curvy formed women

-single light shined upon them at the heightened drama of the scene

Content:

-"what are you willing to die for?"

-3 brothers saluting towards the swords which are held by their father (take oath to defend Rome)

-woman grieving in back ground because they have to deal with consequences of war (either lose husband or their bro)

-sacrifice oneself for good

Function:

-challenge aristocracy

Context:

-Jacques-Louis David 1784 (before the revolution)

-commissioned by King of France

104. George Washington

Form:

-contrapposto

-neoclassicism (influenced by essence of Greek art as opposed to Rococo)

-realistic

-idealistic

Content:

-captured the duality of Washington (private citizen and public soldier)

-bundle of 13 rods (symbolizes not only power but strength found through unity

Function:

-commemorate momentous occasion after the revolutionary war

Context:

-artist: Jean-Antoine Houdon (commissioned by Jefferson)

-1788-92 CE made by foreigner

105. Self Portrait

Form:

-oil on canvas

-portrait

-light brushwork and colors (Rococo style)

-Enlightenment

Content:

-shows her in process of creating the self portrait of Marie Antoinette (she was her court painter)

-holding palette and paint brush (showing she is skilled)

-interrupts her but she welcomes the interruption

Function:

-shows that she is a painter

-several different version

Context:

-artist: Elizabeth Louise Vigee Le Brun

-1790 CE, Rococo-Neoclassicism (in between)

106. Y no hai remedio (And There's Nothing To Be Done)

Form:

-style: romanticism (challenging power and oppression)

-etching, drypoint

Content:

-part of series of 82 called Disasters of War

-what human beings capable of

-government misuse of power on helpless victims

-man is blindfolded with head down tied to wooden pole (christ-like)

-recently deceased corpse with extreme detail of his grotesque face (behind body on pole is a dead body on pole)

Function:

-pictures the atrocities of war

-visual indictment and protest against French occupation of Spain

Context:

-publish 1863, made 1810-1823 CE

-artist: Francisco Goya (trained by Rococo)

107. La Grande Odalisque

Form:

-romanticism (exoticism)

-classical figure

-proportions are messed up

-oil on canvas

Content:

-physically unreal body

-peacock fan, turban, enormous pearls, hookah (eroticism based on exotic content)

Function:

-what a French male's fantasy would look like

Context:

-artist: Jean-Auguste-Dominque Ingres (court painter for Napoleon

-1814 CE

108. Liberty Leading the People

Form:

-romanticism

-seems as though it is overpowered by chaos but filled with subtle order

-oil on canvas

Content:

-people of both the working class and middle class join in the fight against the government

-lady carrying the French flag meant to serve as an allegory, in this case a moral or political idea of Liberty (looking back to make sure people are following, represents an idea)

-background: Notre Dame

Function:

-allow us to believe anyone can be a revolutionary

Context:

-artist: Eugen Delacroix

-1830 CE

109. The Oxbow

Form:

-romanticism

-Manifest Destiny

-not based of a real place

-oil on canvas

Content:

-reverence for nature

-filled with life

-based on real life area

-divides the painting into two unequal sections

-one shows sublime view of land untouched by man (wild, untamed)

-other side shows land humankind has taken over (overtaken by agriculture)

-self portrait of himself wandering

Function:

-landscape painting

-shows respect for nature

Context:

-Northampton, Massachusetts

-artist: Thomas Cole (leader of Hudson River School)

-1836 CE (19th century)

111. Slave Ship

Form:

-romanticism (sublime)

-combines a beautiful and horrible scene together

-rich colors

-loose brushwork

-oil on canvas

Content:

-beautiful seascape looking at first but if u look close you see slaves drowning and being eaten alive

-disease breaks out on ship and overthrows all the dead and sick overboard so they can get insurance (money is motivator for what they did)

Function:

-political and social activist piece

Context:

-artist: Joseph Mallord William Turner

-1840 CE

-inspired by a book

112. Palace of Westminster

Form:

-Hammer Beam Construction in the Westiminster Hall

-Romanticism

-classical building with a Gothic exterior, Gothic revival

-limestone, masonry, glass

Content:

-central lobby

-westiminster hall (oldest section)

Function:

-where the House of Lords and Commons meet

-rebuilt because a fire burned down old palace that was originally there

Context:

-London, England

-architect: Charles Barry

-designer: Augustus Pugin

-1840-70 CE

121. The Coiffure

Form:

-impressionism

-overall curves and crisp line

-drypoint/aquatint

-genre scene

-etching

Content:

-her prints are accessible and they can own them

-influenced by Japanese Wood Block Prints (ukiyo-e)

-preparing one's hair refers to ideals of femininity and beauty

Function:

-gives image of glamorous woman in glam setting

-Japanese influence

-capture fugitive, fleeting moment of the busy lives of the working class

Context:

-America w/ Japan twist

-1890-91 CE

-artist: Mary Cassat