Sensation and Memory

Sensory Adaptation

Reduced sensitivity to constant stimulation.

Synesthesia

Blending of senses (e.g., seeing sounds).

Sensory Interaction

Senses influence each other.

Kinesthetic Sense

Sense of body position and movement.

Vestibular Sense

Balance and spatial orientation.

Cocktail Party Effect

Focus on one voice in a crowd.

Change Blindness

Failing to notice changes in environment.

Selective Attention

Focusing on one stimulus.

Binocular Cues

Depth cues from both eyes.

Retinal Disparity

Difference in images between eyes helps perceive depth.

Inattentional Blindness

Missing visible objects when attention is elsewhere.

Perceptual Constancy

Perceiving objects as unchanging.

Top-Down Processing

Using experience to interpret data.

Monocular Cues

Depth cues from one eye (e.g., interposition, linear perspective).

Apparent Movement

Perception of motion from images (e.g., flipbooks).

State-Dependent Memory

Recall is better in same state as learning.

Mood-Congruent Memory

Mood affects recall of similar memories.

Implicit Memory

Unconscious memory (skills).

Flashbulb Memory

Vivid memory of an emotional event.

Spearman's g

General intelligence factor.

Sternberg's Intelligences

Analytical, creative, and practical intelligence.

Aptitude Test

Measures potential.

Achievement Test

Measures what you've learned.

Growth Mindset

Belief that abilities can improve.

Fixed Mindset

Belief that abilities are unchangeable.

CA/MA x 100

Formula for IQ (mental/chronological age × 100).

Standard Deviations

IQ scores follow a bell curve (average is 100).

Prospective Memory

Remembering to do things in the future.

Long-Term Potentiation

Strengthening of synapses with use.

Visuospatial Sketchpad

Visual part of working memory.

Automatic Processing

Unconscious encoding.

Effortful Processing

Requires attention and effort.

Retroactive Interference

New info blocks old info.

Shallow Processing

Basic encoding (e.g., appearance or sound).

Deep Processing

Encoding based on meaning.

Encoding Specificity Principle

Recall improves when context matches encoding.

Working Memory

Active short-term memory system.

Serial Position Effect

Recall is better for first and last items.

Levels of Processing

Depth of processing affects memory.

Algorithms

Step-by-step problem solving.

Heuristics

Mental shortcuts.

Mental Set

Tendency to approach problems the same way.

Priming

Activation of associations.

Sunk-Cost Fallacy

Continuing something due to past investment.

Gambler's Fallacy

Belief that chance events even out.

Executive Functions

Mental skills for managing tasks.

Convergent Thinking

One correct solution.

Divergent Thinking

Many possible solutions.

Functional Fixedness

Seeing items only in their usual function.