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functions of male reproductive system
produce and store sperm, deposit sperm in the female reproductive system
makeup of male reproductive system
primary sex organs - testes
ducts - epididymis, vas deferens, urethra
accessory glands - seminal vesicles, prostate, cowpers
external genetalia - penis
function of scrotum
temperature regulator, protects the testes
function of testes
produce sperm and testosterone
composition of seminiferous tubules
interstitial cells (cells of leydig), Sertoli cells, lumen, spermatogonium
functions of cells in testes
cells of leydig - produce testosterone
sertoli cells - produce proteins and nutrients for sperm during spermatogenesis
spermatogonia - divide to form sperm
spermatogenesis def.
events during which mature, haploid sperm are produced from the germinal epithelium in the seminiferous tubules of the testes. produces 400 million sperm per day, not all of which are functional.
phases of spermatogenesis
Multiplying, growth, reduction, differentiation
multiplying phase description male reproduction
diploid spermatogonia of the germinal epithelium divide to form new spermatogonia
growth phase description male reproduction
some spermatogonia mature and grow in size to develop into primary spermatocytes
reduction phase description male reproduction
first meiotic reduction division, each diploid primary spermatocyte forming two haploid secondary spermatocytes. Spermatocytes undergo second meiotic division, resulting in four haploid spermatids
differentiation phase description male reproduction
spermatids lose cytoplasm and unnecessary cell organelles and differentiate into immature sperm.
epididymis structure
formed by joining of semeniferous tubules into a highly convoluted tubule
epididymis function
sperm maturation and storage
vas deferens fuction
transportation of mature sperm to the urethra
accessory glands function
secrete fluids that enter the urethra which aid the sperm on it's journey to the egg
individual glands functions
cowper's - nutrilises acidity from vagina and urine residue in the urethra. Provides lubrication for penis tip during intercourse
seminal vesicles - provides nutrients for sperm to make ATP (fructose and proteins)
Prostate - alkaline fluid to protect sperm from acidic conditions, lower female immune response to semen, provides lubrication and nutrients
penis structure
made of a spongey tissue which expands and contracts by filling and emptying of blood
penis function
deliver sperm during sexual intercourse into the vagina
distinctions of the human penis
no erectile bone, relies on engorgement for an erection, not attached to the abdominal wall and hangs freely
composition of female reproductive system
primary reproductive organ - ovaries
accessory organs - fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina
external genitalia - vulva
structure of ovaries
surrounded by a germinal epithelium layer with primary follicles containing immature eggs embedded in the outer layer
function of ovaries
formation and release of eggs, production of oestrogen and progesterone
oogenisis def.
production of haploid, mature eggs in follicles of the ovary
multiplying phase description female reproduction
before birth, germ cells from the germinal epithilium sink in and divide by mitosis to form primary follicles. Each follicle contains a diploid oogonium surrounded by a theca (single layer of cells)
growth phase description female reproduction
from puberty, primary follicles start periodically growing and developing to form a graafian follicle, oogonium grows into a primary diploid oocyte
reduction and maturity phase description female reproduction
primary oocyte undergoes meiosis undergoes meisosis to form a haploid egg, as the other three haploid polar bodies degenerate. Mature graafian follicles move periodically to the surface of the ovary, where they burst, releasing the mature egg and surrounding follicle cells (ovulation)
fallopian tubes structure
muscular tubes lined with cilia, ending in an infundibulum with fingerlike outgrowths (fimbria)
fallopian tubes function
pathway between ovary and uterus for egg,sperm and zygote.
site of fertilisation and initial cell division of the egg
enable egg/ developing zygote to move towards the uterus by action of muscles and cilia
uterus structive
single, simple cavity comprised of external myometrium and internal endometrium
uterus function
cervix function during pregnancy
maintaining pregnancy by the sphyncter muscles of the cervix keeping the uterus closed during pregnancy to avoid a miscariage
vagina structure
muscular passage between uterus and outside of body with elastic, folded walls and an acidic pH
vagina fuction
place where sperm are deposited, forms a birth canal for baby during birth
clitoris function
small mass of erectile tissue which plays a role in sexual excitement of the female
puberty def.
the process of physical and physiological changes during which a person becomes capable of reproduction
adolescence
the period of physical, physiological and psychological changes
hormones released to begin puberty
males= ICSH
female = FSH
changes to females during puberty
breast developement, pubic/ body hair, widening of hips, menstrual cycle, growth spurt
changes to males during puberty
enlargement of testes and penis, pubic/ body hair, increase in size of larynx, sperm production begins, growth spurt, acne
cycles in the menstrual cycle
ovarian, uterine
phases of ovarian cycle
development of Graafian follicle, ovulation, formation of the corpus luteum
Graafian follicle phase description
ovulation description
formation of corpus luteum description
uterine cycle description
menstruation description
high levels of oestrogen and progesterone inhibit the release of FSH and LH, causing the corpus luteum to degenerate and progesterone levels to drop, shedding the lining of the endometrium.
menstruation cycle steps
cause and effects of menopause
the ovaries stop producing oestrogen and progesterone, meaning no ovulation or menstruation
effects of menopause
hot flushes, mood changes, atrophy of reproductive organs, bone mass loss, increased risk of cardiac disease
copulation def.
the transfer of sperm into the vagina of the female when the male penis is inserted
Fertilisation def
fusion of the sperm nucleus with the egg nucleus to form a diploid zygote
gestation def.
the time between conception and birth during which the embryo and then foetus develope in the uterus
stages of prenatal development
fertilisation, blastocyst implantation, embryo formation, foetal stage
early development description
difference between a foetus and a embryo
embryo refers to developing zygote before 8 weeks. After organ development it is known as a foetus
placenta development/ structure
develops from chorion with villi penetrating the endometrium, each villi containing a cappilary network to allow nutrients and oxygen to move between maternal and foetal blood by diffusion. connects foetus with mother via the umbilical cord
placenta functions
pathogens able to pass through the placenta
syphilis and HIV
placenta endocrine function
functions of amnion
temp control, hydration, protection from mechanical harm
amnion structure
a membrane that surrounds the developing embryo, secreting amniotic fluid that fills the amniotic cavity
amniocentesis
a produce used to determine if a baby will be born with chromosomal abnormalities by using the amniotic fluid to see the baby's genetic information
amniotic fluid functions
structure of umbilical cord + function
first trimester length and changes
first 12 weeks with hormonal changes