Chapter 11

C. Photolithoautotroph

You have identified a new bacteria that uses an inorganic chemical for electron source, methane as a carbon source and light as the energy source. This bacteria would be under which nutritional type?

Choose one below.

A. Photolithoheteotroph

B. Photoorganoautotroph

C. Photolithoautotroph

 D. Photoorganoheterotroph

 E. None of the above

D. Fats can make energy through both glycerol and fatty acids

Which of the following is true?

 

A. Respiration only occurs in the presence of oxygen

B. Fermentation is possible with both chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs

C. Glucose is the sole source of energy for chemoorganotrophs

D. Fats can make energy through both glycerol and fatty acids

E. All of the above

A, E

Glycolysis: (select all that apply)

A. occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

B. fully oxidizes the energy source

C. only occurs during respiration

D. is another name for the PPP

E. produces 6 of the 12 carbon skeletons

E. Both A & B

Product(s) of the TCA cycle include:

 

A. NADH

B. ATP

C. fructose-6-P

D. All of the above

E. Both A & B

D. uses similar electron carriers to mitochondrial ETC during aerobic respiration

Paracoccus denitrificans:

 

A. can fertilize the soil

B. is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe soil bacterium

C. can be a heterotroph or autotroph, depending on the electron acceptor being used

D. uses similar electron carriers to mitochondrial ETC during aerobic respiration

E. None of the above

-Often Satisfied Togther

-Some organisms have great metabolic flexibility (Depends on the environment)

What are the requirements for C, H, and O?

• Phototrophs: uses light as the energy source

• Chemotrophs: Obtains energy from oxidation of chemical compounds as its energy soruce

List the two energy source

• Organotrophs: Uses organic compounds as the electron source

• Lithotrophs: Uses reduced inorganic substances as the electron soruce

List the two electron source:

• Heterotrophs:use organic moleucles,which often serves as energy source

• Autotrophs: Use single carbon moleucle (carbon dioxide)

List the two Carbon source

Plants

Is phototrophs found in humans or plants?

Humans

Are chemotrophs found in humans or plants?

Humans

Are Organotrophs found in humans or plants

Plants

Are lithotrophs found in humans or plants?

Humans

Are heterotrophs found in humans or plants?

Plants

Are Autotrophs found in humans or plants

Chemolithoautotroph

A microorganism that oxidizes reduced inorganic compounds to derive both energy and electrons; CO₂ is the carbon source. Most ancient microbes

Photolithoautotroph

An organism that uses light energy, an inorganic electron source, and CO₂ as its carbon source. Photosynthetic bacteria fits into this category such as cyanobacteria(Blue-Green Algae).

Chemoorganoheterotroph/ Chemoheterotrophs/ Chemoorganotrophs

• Use reduced organic compounds as source of energy, electrons, and carbon

• Single organic nutrient can satisfy all three r

Chemolithoheterotroph

A microorganism that uses reduced inorganic compounds to derive both energy and electrons; organic molecules are used as the carbon source.

Photoorganoheterotroph

A microorganism that uses light energy, organic electron sources, and organic moleucles as a carbon source.

-Photolithoautotrophs/ Photoautotrophs

-Chemolithoautotrophs

-Chemoorganoheterotrophs/ chemoheterotrophs/ chemoorganotrophs

Majority of organisms known are what?

-Photolithoautotrophs/ Photoautotrophs

-Chemolithoautotrophs

For the classes of major nutritional types of microorganism, which ones are known as the primary producers?

• Photolithoautotrophs/ Photoautotrophs

• Chemolithoautotrophs

Out of the 5 nutritional types of microorganisms, which two are known as the primary producers?

• Photolithoautotrophs/ Photoautotrophs

• Chemolithoautotrophs

Note: What makes them different is that Photolithoautotrophs uses light as an energy source and Chemolithoautotrophs uses chemical compounds as their energy source.

There are 5 nutritional types of microorganism. Two of them are known as primary producers. Both are inorganic (litho) and use single carbon (auto) molecules. They are primary producers because they take inorganic waste and make it back into organic molecules. Name the two nutritional microorganisms.

Phototrophs

• Phototrophs

• Chemotrophs

• Organotrophs

• Lithotrophs

• Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs

Which one of the options above uses light as their energy source?

Chemotrophs

• Phototrophs

• Chemotrophs

• Organotrophs

• Lithotrophs

• Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs

Which one of the options above obtains its energy source from the oxidation of chemical compounds?

Organotrophs

• Phototrophs

• Chemotrophs

• Organotrophs

• Lithotrophs

• Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs

Which one of the options above uses organic compounds as their electron source?

Lithographs

• Phototrophs

• Chemotrophs

• Organotrophs

• Lithotrophs

• Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs

Which one of the options above reduced inorganic substances as the electron source

Heterotrophs

• Phototrophs

• Chemotrophs

• Organotrophs

• Lithotrophs

• Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs

Which one of the options above for a carbon source, use organic molecules which often also serve as energy source?

Autotrophs

• Phototrophs

• Chemotrophs

• Organotrophs

• Lithotrophs

• Heterotrophs

• Autotrophs

Which one of the options above use single carbon molecule as a carbon source?

True

True or False

Some organisms can change categories depending on the environment

• ATP

• Reducing Powder

• Precursor Metabolites

All organisms have the same three basic needs. this those 3 needs

ATP

All organisms have the same three basic needs:

• ATP

• Reducing Power

• Precursor metabolites

Which one is an energy currency and makes things like nucleoside triphosphate(serve as a source of energy for cellular reactions)

Reducing Power

All organisms have the same three basic needs:

• ATP

• Reducing Power

• Precursor metabolites

Which one supplies electrons for chemical reactions that comes in the form of NADH, NADPH, or FADH. We take the … to reduce molecules so that we can build macromolecules and finally organisms from it.

Precursor Metabolites

All organisms have the same three basic needs:

• ATP

• Reducing Power

• Precursor metabolites

Which is needed for biosynthesis(the production of complex molecules within living organisms or cells). Small organic molecules that provide the 12 carbon skeleton building block monomers and modify them into everything a cell requires for growth.

• Chemoorganotrophs

• Chemolitotrophs

there are 2 chemoorganotrophic fueling processes. Name them

Chemoorganotrophs

there are 2 chemoorganotrophic fueling processes.

One of them can do fermentation, aerobic respiration and aerobic respiration. Name the one that can do this.

Chemolithotrophs

There are 2 chemoorganotrophic fueling processes.

One of them can only do aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration. Not fermentation. Name the one that can do this

• Aerobic Respiration

• Anaerobic Respiration

• Fermentation

List the three Processes Chemoorganotrophs can do…

• Chemoheterotrophs

• Chemoorganotrophs

List the two other names for Chemoorganoheterotroph

Oxidized

Note: Oxidize means realsing electrons

In chemoorganotrophs, since its organic energy source its form is reduced its then…

NADH/FADH₂

In chemoorganotrophs, the oxidized organic energy source releases electrons and its accepted by what?

Respiration

If electrons are donated to electron transport chain (ETC)=?

Oxidative Phosphorylation

If eletcrons are donated to the electron transport chain (ETC). Than that means its going through the respiration process. And then the ETC is used to make ATP via what?

Fermentation

If eletcrons are donated to an endogenous acceptor (Pyruvate)=?

Respiration

Note: when you are doing repiration, you are harvesting energy from the PMF to make ATP via Oxidative Phosphorylation

Respiration or Fermentation

The big difference between respiration & fermentation is the ETC. If you have an ETC and it makes the PMF then you are doing what?

Fermentation

Note:In fermentation there is no oxidative phosphorylation. Which means that the ATP made is much lower the ones made is respiration

Respiration or Fermentation

If you dont have an ETC or its not funcational, then you cannot make a PMF (proton motor force). This means that you can only do what?

Catabolism

Metabolic pathways that breaks down molecules, releasing energy.

Anabolism

Metabolic pathways that construct molecules requiring energy

Oxygen

Aerobic respiration terminal electron acceptor is

-SO_4^2-

-CO₂

-Fe₃⁺

^-SeO₄^2-

Anaerobic respiration exogenous electron acceptor are what?

Proton Motive Force (PMF)

Aerobic respiration & Anaerobic respiration both uses what to generate potential energy?

Oxidative Phosphorylation (OP)

Both aerobic respiration & anaerobic respiration both uses to synthesize ATP via ADP & Pi

• Protein

• Polysaccharide

• Phospholipid

There are many energy sources in the cycle that can be converted to create ATP. List those energy sources

True

True or False

Most pathways generate glucose or intermediates. Meaning that they are going to allow the production of these intermediates rather than using glucose as the main source.

True or False: Glycolytic intermediates must still need to be synthesized

1. Glycolytic pathways (glycolysis) where glucose is boken down to produce pyruvate

2. TCA Cycle where pyruvate is completely oxidized to CO₂

3. Electron Transport Chain (ETC) with oxygen as the final electron acceptor and all of this is done through Oxidative Phosphorylation

In aerobic respiation what are the three steps in completely catabolzing an organic energy source to CO₂

Autotroph

Organism that uses carbon dioxide or other single carbon molecules as their carbon source

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle

Metabolic pathway where glucose becomes fully oxidized

Anaerobic Respiration

Bacteria A has an ETC, yet uses nitrate as the terminal electron acceptor. Therefore, the process by which it generates energy is:

KDPG

Intermediate found in the Entner-Duodoroff pathway, which is then cleaved into pyruvate and glyceraldehyde-3-phosephate

Oxaloacetate

Carbon skeleton found in the TCA cycle, composed of four carbons, which binds to Acetyl-CoA to produce Citrate

Four

Total amount of ATP produced in EMP per molecule of glucose

Hydrolases

Enzymes capable of metabolizing di- and polysaccharides with the aid of water

Cytochrome C

Protein which transports 1 electron from Complex III to Complex IV in the mitochondrial ETC

Two

Net amount of ATP produced in EMP per molecule of glucose

Proteases

Enzymes capable of breaking down proteins into amino acid

Litotroph

Organism that uses reduced inorganic substances as their electron source

Fructose-6-phosphate

Carbon skeleton found in glycolysis, consisting of six carbons, which is capable of restarting PPP all over again

NADH

Reduced form of the molecule, which accepts 2 electrons and 1 proton from glucose becoming oxidized in glycolysis and TCA cycle

Phosphoenolpyruvate

Carbon skeleton found in EMP, which can be used as energy source for processes such as PTS

Respiration

Metabolic process by which energy is produced with the use of an ETC

Fermentation

Process that produces 2 ATP molecules per molecule of glucose, in which the electrons harvested in glycolysis are donated to an endogenous electron acceptor

Pyruvate

In glycolysis, one molecule of glucose ends up becoming two molecules

Proton Motive Force

Bacteria containing an ETC will use the ____ ____ ____, which is the concentration gradient of hydrogen ions, to generate energy via oxidative phosphorylation

Chemoorganoheterotrophs

Based on carbon, energy, and electron needs, most human pathogens can be considered

Endogenous

The terminal electron acceptor for fermenters is said to be ____, as it originated and comes from inside the cell

Bd branch

In the presence of low amounts of oxygen, E.coli will most likely use the ___ ___ in their ETC, thus producing less pmf

Eight

In the TCA cycle, per molecule of glucose, ____ molecules of NADH is/are produced

Succinyl-CoA

Carbon skeleton found in TCA, which contains a thioester bond that, when hydrolyzed, allows for the synthesis of ATP via SLP

Pentose phosphate pathway

Name of the metabolic pathway which is the primary source of reducing power

Beta oxidation

Fatty acids are metabolized by a process known as:

Nucleotide

ATP, the energy currency of the cell, is an example of a _____, but with two additional phosphates

F1

Region of the ATP synthase, which rotates, changes shape, and catalyzes the addition of a phosphate to ADP

NADPH

Reducing power usually refers to the use of this molecule in anabolic pathways

One

Net amount of ATP produced in ED per molecule of glucose

Two

Number of “high energy” bonds in ATP

Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

Carbon skeleton found in EMP, ED, and PPP, which can be further oxidized in glycolysis to produce 2 ATPs

Paracoccus denitrificans

Name of the microorganism, which can act both as an autotroph and heterotroph, but can also do both aerobic and anaerobic respiration (NOT fermentation)

Proton movement causes rotation of the proteins in F1

Choose 1

The ATPase enzyme:

-Has an F0 that serves as the catalyst for synthesis of ATP

-Cannot hydrolyze ATP to move protons out

-Proton movement causes rotation of the proteins in F1

-Is located completely in the cytoplasm

-occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

-produce 6 of the 12 carbon skeleton

Glycolysis: (select all that apply)

-is another name for the PPP

-only occurs during respiration

-occurs in the cytoplasm of both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

-fully oxidizes the energy source

-produces 6 of the 12 carbon skeletons

Fats can make energy through both glycerol and fatty acids

Which of the following is true? (choose 1)

-All of the above

-Respiration only occurs in the presence of oxygen

-Glucose is the sole source of energy for chemoorganotrophs

-Fermentation is possible with both chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs

-Fats can make energy through both glycerol and fatty acids

None of the choices are true

The PPP serves an important role in our metabolism. Which of the following characteristics is TRUE regarding the PPP? (choose 1)

-None of the choices are true.

-Glucose 6-P is reduced during the PPP.

-PPP produces NADPH and NADH.

-PPP leads to important precursor metabolites such as ribose 4-P and erythrose 5-P.

-PPP can produce Glyceraldehyde 3-P, which can then enter the TCA cycle.

Both A & B

Product(s) of the TCA cycle include: (choose 1)

-NADH

-All of the above

-fructose-6-P

-ATP

-Both A & B

-Photolithoautotroph

You have identified a new bacteria that uses an inorganic chemical for electron source, methane as a carbon source and light as the energy source. This bacteria would be under which nutritional type?

-Photoorganoautotroph

-Photoorganoheterotroph

-None of the above

-Photolithoheteotroph

-Photolithoautotroph

uses similar electron carriers to mitochondrial ETC during aerobic respiration

Paracoccus denitrificans: (choose 1)

-None of the above

-uses similar electron carriers to mitochondrial ETC during aerobic respiration

-is a Gram-positive facultative anaerobe soil bacterium

-can be a heterotroph or autotroph, depending on the electron acceptor being used

-can fertilize the soil

Most of the ATP from aerobic respiration comes from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 made during Kreb’s cycle.

Which of the following is/are TRUE? (choose 1)

-Most of the ATP from aerobic respiration comes from oxidation of NADH and FADH2 made during Kreb’s cycle.

-All of the choices are true

-Glycolysis requires the presence of oxygen.

-For every one glucose, three pyruvates are made in glycolysis.