A&P Module 1 Review

Anatomy

The study of the structure of the human body

Physiology

Refers to the study of how the body and its parts function

Homeostasis

The body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment

Pathophysiology

The study of the disease process or what happens when a system fails

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body into equal left and right halves

Superior

A structure described located toward the head

Cranial Cavity

Contains the brain

Thoracic Cavity

Separated from the abdominal cavity by the diaphragm

Negative Feedback Loop

The body’s response reverses a stimulus to return to a set point in a ______.

Anterior

refers to the front of the body

Proximal or Superior

The knee is ______ to the ankle because it is closer to the point of attachment.

Atomic

The ____ level of organization is the simplest level in the human body.

Tissue

A group of similar cells working together for a common function

Skeletal System

Provides support, protection, and a framework for movement.

Respiratory System

Responsible for the exchange of gases between the blood and air

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into upper and lower portions

Thoracic

The heart is located in the _______ cavity.

Lateral

The term _____ means away from the midline of the body.

Integumentary

The _______ system includes the skin and its accessory structures.

Endocrine

The _______ system consists of glands that secrete hormones into the blood.

Atom

The smallest unit of an element that retains its chemical properties

Proton

Subatomic particle that carries a positive charge

Electron

Subatomic particle involved in chemical bonding

Covalent Bond

A bond formed when atoms share electrons

Acid

A substance that releases hydrogen ions (H+) in water

Neutral

On the pH scale, the value of 7.0 is considered _______.

Electrolytes

Substances that conduct an electrical current when dissolved in water.

Glucose

The primary source of short-term energy for cells.

Amino Acids

The building blocks of proteins

Enzymes

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions.

Strong

A substance with a 3.0 is a ____ acid.

Ionic Bond

A bond formed by the transfer of electrons from one atom to another

ATP

The “energy currency” of the cell

Water

The universal solvent in the human body.

Inorganic

Compounds that do not contain both carbon and hydrogen are generally ______.

Nucleic

High molecular weight molecules such as DNA and RNA are ______ acids.

Buffer

A chemical that prevents radical changes in pH is a _____.

Oils

Lipids that are liquid at room temperature are usually called _______.

Protein

The most abundant organic compound in the body

Base

A substance that releases hydroxyl (OH-) ions in water.

Cell

Basic unit of structure and function in the human body.

Cell Membrane

The semi-permeable outer boundary of the cell

Mitochondria

The “powerhouse” of the cell where ATP is produced

Nucleus

The control center of the cell containing DNA.

Organelles

Tiny structures that perform specialized functions within a cell.

Ribosomes

The specific sites of protein synthesis

Diffusion

The movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration

Osmosis

The diffusion of water across a semi-permeable membrane

Active

_____ transport requires energy (ATP) to move substances against a concentration gradient.

Lysosome

The organelle that contains digestive enzymes to break down waste

Mitosis

The process by which a cell divides into 2 identical daughter cells

Cilia

Hair-like projections that move substances across the cell surface.

Golgi Apparatus

Modifies and packages proteins for secretion

Cytosol

The fluid-like substance between the nucleus and the cell membrane

Endocytosis

The process of bringing large particles into the cell via a vesicle

Rough

The ______ endoplasmic reticulum is studded with ribosomes.

Filtration

A passive process that uses a pressure gradient to move water and solutes.

Flagellum

The “tail” of a sperm cell used for movement

Metaphase

Chromosomes align in the center of the cell during the ______ stage of mitosis.

Hypertonic

A solution with a higher solute concentration than the cell

Metabolism

The sum of all chemical reactions in the body.

Anabolism

The phase of metabolism that builds larger molecules from smaller ones

Catabolism

The phase of metabolism that breaks down large molecules into smaller ones

Glycolysis

1st stage of glucose breakdown, occurring in the cytoplasm.

Aerobic

Metabolism that occurs in the presence of oxygen is ______ metabolism.

Lactic Acid

The byproduct of anaerobic metabolism in muscles cells

Citric Acid

The _____ cycle occurs in the mitochondria to produce electrons for the transport chain.

Enzyme

A protein that acts as a catalyst for metabolic reactions

Substrate

The substance an enzyme acts upon

More

Aerobic metabolism produces significantly ____ ATP than anaerobic metabolism.

ATP

The final products of aerobic glucose metabolism are CO2, water, and _____.

Glycogen

The storage form of glucose in the liver and muscles

Lipolysis

The breakdown of fats into glycerol and fatty acids

Gluconeogenesis

Process of creating glucose from non-carbohydrate sources like amino acids

Urea

Excess nitrogen from protein metabolism is converted into ____ by the liver.

ATP

The universal energy-carrying molecule in the cell

Anaerobic

Glycolysis is an _____ process because it does not require oxygen.

Electron Transport

The most efficient way for the body to produce ATP is through the ________ chain.

Glucose

The primary fuel source for most body cells.

Denatured

When an enzyme’s shape is permanently changed by heat, it is said to be _______.

Anatomy

Comes from the Greek word “to dissect”.

Physiology

The study of how the body functions

Superior

A part is above another part or is closer to the head

Inferior

A part is located below another part or is closer to the feet

Anterior/Venteral

Toward the front surface (the belly surface).

Dorsal

Means toward the back surface

Midline

A lie drawn in the middle of the body, dividing it into left and right halves

Medial

Towards the midline of the body

Lateral

Means away from the midline of the body

Proximal

The structure is nearer to the point of attachment , often the trunk.

Distal

means that a part is farther away from the point of attachment than another part.

Superficial

Means that a part is located on or near the surface of the body.

Deep

Means that the body part is away from the surface of the body.

Central

Means that the part is located in the center

Peripheral

Means away from the center

Sagittal Plane

Divides the body lengthwise into right and left portions.

Frontal Plane

Divides the body into anterior (ventral) and posterial (dorsal) portions.

Transverse Plane

Divides the body horizontally, creating an upper (superior) and a lower (inferior) body.

Abdominal

anterior trunk just below the ribs

Antecubital (AC)

Area in front of elbow