Chemistry ⚛️🧪

Acid

An acid is a substance that when placed in water, the concentration or amount of hydrogen ions are increased

Base

A base is a substance that when placed in water increases the concentration or amount of hydroxide ions

Acids reacts with certain… to produce hydrogen gas

Metals

All metals above H2 will react with.. to form what?

Acids to form hydrogen gas

Acids and bases are combined to form what?

A neutralization reaction

Phenolphthalein turns what pink?

Bases

Phenolphthalein turns what colorless?

Acids

Define Electrolytes and why

Electrolytes are substances that when dissolved in water produce electricity (because they ionize in water).

Which acids and bases are good conductors of electricity? Weak acids and bases or strong ones?

Strong acids and bases

Bases contain…

Hydroxide ions (OH-)

Acids contain…

Hydrogen ions (H+)

What color does bromcresol green turn when the pH level is 5.0?

Green

What color does bromthymol blue turn when the pH level is 5.0?

Yellow

What color does methyl orange turn when the pH level is 2.5?

Red

What does the p in pH stand for?

A mathematical operator that means “negative logarithm”

What does a lower pH value indicate about the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution?

A lower pH value indicates a higher concentration of hydrogen ions. (Because acids produce hydrogen ion, and the lower the pH level, the more acidic a solution is, thus, the concentration of hydrogen ions will increase)

Explain the relationship between pH and hydrogen concentration in terms of the equation

Typically, when you have a low pH level, it means your hydrogen concentration is larger because of the negative log. When you rearrange the equation, you can see that 1 unit of pH indicates a 10x higher amount of hydrogen ions, and so on. pH and hydrogen concentration have an inverse relationship because the lower the pH level, the more acidic the solution is, which means there will be more hydrogen ions

What’s the equation for titrations?

Molarity1xVolume1=Molarity2xVolume2

What is a titration?

When we basically try to figure out the unknown concentration of an acid or a base and we react it with a base or an acid of known concentration until it is completely neutralized. This point of exact neutralization (the endpoint), is noted by the change in color of the indicator. This is known as a titration.

What is equilibrium?

Equilibrium is when you impose a change on a system, and the system moves in such a way to relief the stress caused on it to maintain equilibrium.

When we have equilibrium, what does this mean? Is it static or dynamic?

When we speak on chemical equilibrium, we mean dynamic equilibrium. This means that there is motion; the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction

What happens when you increase the amount of a solid substance during chemical equilibrium?

There is no change in the position of equilibrium because the substance is solid

Are the concentrations of the reactants and products equal during equilibrium?

No

Does speed become equal during equilibrium?

Yes

What is entropy?

The measurement or indication of the randomness of a system (e.g. chemical reactions)

What’s an example of entropy?

When you clean your room, everything is pretty much organized, but as time goes on, it becomes messy again, which is an indication that entropy has increased in the room system.

Relate the states of matter and entropy

The solids are the most put together because their intermolecular forces are so strong that no particles are moving around, so it’s the state with the least entropy. Liquids are in between because though they aren’t moving around in randomness as much they are still moving. Aqueous solutions have higher entropy than pure liquids but less entropy than gases. Gases have the highest entropy.

What’s a spontaneous reaction?

When energy is being added or outside interventions

What’s an example of a spontaneous reaction?

A nail rusting over time