Endocrine System

target tissues become ___________ to effects of hormones

less sensitive

amount of hormone produces is ________ (increased, decreased, no change)

decreased

hormones metabolize _______ (faster, slower, same)

slower

impairments in endocrine glands impact regulation of ________

homeostasis

_______ has slowed metabolism and hormone production

thyroid

__________ is more common

hypothyroidism

___________ levels rise, increasing the risk of osteoporosis

parathyroid

_______ shrinks with aging

pituitary

hypothyroid hormone release _________; response by endocrine system _________

remains constant; changes

pancreas has decreased _______ production; tissues become less sensitive to effects of insulin so that blood glucose levels rise _____ mg/dl per decade over ___ years

insulin; 6-14; 50

________ have decreased aldosterone production which increases risk of orthostatic hypotension

adrenals

adrenals has _______ aldosterone production which increases risk of _________

decreased; orthostatic hypertension

_____ have decreased estrogen production in women over 40

ovaries

ovaries have decreased __________ production in women over __ years old

estrogen; 40

impaired water and electrolyte balance with easy disturbance can impact _______

blood pressure

aging causes impaired ______ and ________ balance with easy disturbance

water; electrolyte

decreased ______________ due to increased fat and decreased lean muscle mass

whole body water

decrease in whole body water with age is due to what

increased fat and decreased lean muscle mass

__________ leads to cognitive impairment, impaired wound healing, anemia, and immune system dysfunction

vitamin deficiencies

vitamin deficiencies led to cognitive impairment, impaired _______ healing, ______, and immune system dysfunction

wound; anemia

development of peripheral insulin resistance is due to ________

increased adiposity → increased action of adipocytes

older adults develop ___________ due to increased adiposity and action of adipocytes

peripheral insulin resistance

governing organ for the endocrine system

hypothalamus

______ and _______ degrade and excrete hormones

kidneys; liver

________ becomes nodular, slows hormone production starting at age 20

thyroid

fasting glucose levels rise ____ mg/dl every __ years after age __

6-14; 10; 50

fasting glucose levels _____ after age 50

rise

impaired regulation of aging as caused by the endocrine system is because of what

impaired regulation of homeostasis

_________ is produced when blood glucose levels are too low (this decreases with aging)

glucagon

___________ is produced when blood glucose levels are too high (this decreases with aging)

insulin

hormone in charge of the sensations of hunger that decreases with age

ghrelin

what blocks effects of insulin in muscle

resistin

the loss of estrogen production with aging speed up what

bone loss

hormone metabolism with aging gets ______ (faster, slower, stays the same)

slower

_________ impacts salt and water balance & fluid and electrolyte balance

decreased aldosterone

increased production of this hormone is the antagonist of calcitonin and increases bone loss

parathyroid

parathyroid is the antagonist of ________ so the increase in parathyroid as we age does what

calcitonin (this helps lower blood calcium by building bone); increases bone loss

increase in PTH means we are not trying to lower blood calcium with calcitonin as much because we are kind of inhibiting it, this increases bone loss

________ symptoms include impaired cognition, slurred speech, cold intolerance, loss of appetite, and decreased BP and HR

hypothyroidism

________ become less sensitive to hormones intended action

target tissues

decreased production of _________ leads to difficulty with BP management and decreased blood cell production

renin and erythropoietin

___________ are diffused into the blood stream

hormones

the _________ system is modulated by chemical receptors in the blood, nervous system and other hormones

endocrine

pituitary growth ________ (increases, decreases, no change)

decreases

the pineal gland releases ________ which _______ (increases, decreases, no change) with age

melatonin; decreases

the thyroid gland releases _______ and _______ which decrease with age

calcitonin; thyroxine

PTH increases, contributes to ___________

osteoporosis

pancreas production of glucagon and insulin _______ leading to ______

decreases; DM

adrenals production of _________ decreases

aldosterone

adipose tissue secretes increased ______

resistin

as the elderly age they become more prone to lightheadedness with intial standing. the age related loss of this hormone is a played in the management of orthostatic hypotension described above

aldosterone

age related changes in the endocrine system are important due to the following

as hormones decrease with aging, the boundaries of homeostasis narrow

age related changes in this organ contribute to the development of nodules and slowed metabolism around the age of 20

thyroid

cells in this organ become less sensitive with age and produce less hormone with the result that fasting blood glucose levels may rise 6-14 mg/dl for each 10 years over the age of 50

pancreas

the amount of regulating hormone released by this organ stays about the same as one ages, but the response of he receiving organ changes

hypothalamus

increased production of this hormone in adipose tissue with aging leads to increased prevalence of diabetes

resistin

the loss of this hormone as one ages leads to sleep deprivation, interruption of daily rhythms, and is often prescribed as a sleep supplement

melatonin

hypothyroidism, due to declining thyroid hormone production, is a common thyroid disorder in the geriatric pop with all but the following symptoms notes

increased body temp

glucose homeostasis in diabetes, a common consequence of aging for several reasons, is impacted by all of the the following except

decreased adiposity