Feminism Nathan

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17 Terms

1

Sex vs gender

  • sex = biological difference, gender = assigned roles to men/women

  • Equality feminists - human nature androgynous

  • Difference feminists - women innately different to men (Gilligan)

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2

Patriarchy

  • ‘Rule by the father’, social system enabling male domination and female subordination

  • Liberal - can be reformed by state (emancipation, abortion ect)

  • Radical - too pervasive for reform, change must be revolutionary (both public and private spheres)

  • Socialist - female consciousness created by men to uphold capitalism; should destroy capitalism and patriarchy in revolution

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3

Public vs private sphere

  • Public sphere - visible area of society (politics, workplace, ect)

  • Private sphere - private relationships (domestic)

  • Liberals focus on public sphere

  • Radicals argue that ‘the personal is political’, patriarchy represent in private sphere (gendered clothes and toys, husband ownership of family, pink tax)

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4

Intersectionality

  • bell hooks criticised white MC focus of feminism - excluded women of colour, WC women ect (whilst black civil rights movement excluded women)

  • Social categorisations interconnected, with overlapping systems of discrimination and oppression

  • Women should form cross-communal links off solidarity to overcome oppression

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5

Liberal feminism

  • reformist; gender stereotypes can be eliminated democratically

  • Wollenstonecraft emphasised political equality (→ legal equity)

  • Public → private sphere

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6

Socialist feminism

  • patriarchy a capitalist tool that fuels exploitation; seeks liberation from economic dependence on men

  • State exploits women and is an agent off capitalism; capitalism and patriarchy deny ingrained into society and work together to exploit women

  • Women unpaid workforce in domestic sphere and ‘reserve army of labour’

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7

Radical feminism

  • ‘the personal is the political’ (women’s refuges ect)

  • Destruction of patriarchy vital f female emancipation; either violet revolution OR separate female counterculture (abolition of nuclear family and lesbian communes)

  • Firestone saw history as a dialectic struggle between men and women - advocated Androgyny

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8

Post modern feminism

  • rejects earlier feminisms generalisation, focuses on other factors (intersectionality)

  • Addresses intersectional issues (FGM, honour killings, trans feminism ect.)

  • ‘Cyberpatriachy’ enables misogyny through social media

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9

Simone De Beauvoir

  • gender and femininity a social construct; ‘one is not born, but rather becomes a woman’

  • Men impose ‘otherness’ onto women; women treated as a ‘second sex’

  • Materialistic consumption weakens women’s position economically

  • liberal feminisst

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10

Charlotte Perkins Gilman

  • gender roles socially constructed from a young age → women perceived as weaker, provided toys to nurture mother like nature

  • Economic independence and legal equality as a necessity

  • Suffragist/early feminist

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11

Sheila Rowbotham

  • women have always been oppressed, ‘revolution within a revolution’ necessary

  • Capitalism forces women to provide ‘reserve army of labour’ and domestic servitude

  • Family subjugates women and provides refuge for exploited men

  • Socialist feminist

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12

Kate Millet

  • ‘the personal is the political’ (woman lose identity through marriage); family unit must be dismantled

  • Women should free themselves through lesbian relationships

  • Radical/queer feminism

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13

bell hooks

  • society a multifaceted arrangement between minority groups; feminism must a knowledge multiple struggles

  • Women belong to different minorities and suffer overlapping forms of oppression

  • Post modern/intersectional feminism

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14

Human nature

  • Beauvoir - gender differences are created by men in sociaty, they are not natural

  • hooks - women, in common with men, have multiple identities and therefore experience multiple forms of oppression

  • Rowbotham - women’s consciousness of the world is created by men

  • Gilman - the biological differences between men and women a re irrelevant. Women can compete equally with men

  • Millet - women are all capable of freeing themselves from male oppression by engaging in lesbianism

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15

The state

  • Beauvoir - the state reinforces a culture hat prevents women from expressing their true freedom and identity

  • hooks - the state is dominated by white males and therefore reflects and reinforces their dominant position in sociaty

  • Rowbotham - the state is the servant of capitalism

  • Gilman - no distinctive views on the state

  • Millet - the state is merely an agent off the patriarchy. It is part of the problem but not the solution

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16

Society

  • Beauvoir - De Beauvoir’s existentialism dominated her feminism. Social constraints prevent individuals, not just women from attaining self-realisation and true freedom

  • hooks - society is full of complex relationships between different minorities. In order to resolve social conflict, love between different minority cultures must be established

  • Rowbotham - the nature of society is economically determined. Society reflects the dominant position of both capitalists and men in general

  • Gilman - sociaty h always assigned inferior roles to women. In modern society this no longer has any justification

  • Millet - modern society is completely characterised by patriarchy, which is all-pervasive and infests both private and public sphere

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17

The economy

  • Beauvoir - men’s domination of economic life restricts the life choices open to women

  • hooks - women living in poverty have problems that middle-class women do not face. The liberation off the poor is an economic as well as a social issue

  • Rowbotham - Rowbotham has a Marxist perspective. Women are a low paid reserve army of labour

  • Gilman - the domestic servitude of women allowed men to dominate the outside economic world

  • Millet - Millet is a Quasi-socialist but this is not fundamental to her feminism

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