Microbial Genomes and Chromosomes

Flashcards covering key concepts from the lecture on microbial genomes and chromosomes.

What is a genome?

All the genetic information that defines an organism.

How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic genomes different?

Prokaryotic genome is typically a single, circular chromosome; eukaryotic genome consists of multiple, linear chromosomes.

What is the structure of DNA?

DNA is a double helix composed of four different nucleotides.

What is the nucleoid in bacteria?

A series of protein-bound loops that pack the bacterial chromosome.

What are topoisomerases?

Enzymes that supercoil DNA, helping to maintain proper DNA structure.

What are plasmids?

Autonomously replicating, extra-chromosomal DNA elements that can benefit the host under certain conditions.

What types of gene transfer are known in microbial genetics?

Vertical transmission (from parent to child) and horizontal transmission (transfer of DNA between cells).

What does the central dogma of molecular biology describe?

The processes of transcription DNA to RNA and translation RNA to protein.

What is a missense mutation?

A type of mutation that results in a faulty protein.

Why is supercoiling important in bacteria?

It alters the topology of DNA, impacting replication and gene expression.