Health psych final!!!!!

Health psychology

is an interdisciplinary field concerned with the application of psychological knowledge and techniques of health, illness, and health care.

health psychology goals

-to promote and maintain health

-to prevent and treat illness

-to identify the causes of health and illness

-to analyze and improve the health care system

the biopsychosocial model

the view that health and illness are produced by a combination of physical, psychological, and cultural factors

between groups design

allocates matched groups of participants to different treatements

cross sectional design-measures are taken one at a time

longitudinal design- groups are tested at 2 or more time points

within-groups design

the same participants provide measures of a dependent variable at more than one time and differences between the measures at the different times are recorded

qualitative data

-religion

-gender

-marital status

-social class

-method of treatment

• type of instruction

quantitative data

-age

-height

-weight

-income

-group size

morbidity

the number of cases of a specific disease, illness, or health condition

mortality

the number of deaths resulting from a specific cause

incidence

the frequency of new cases of a disease

prevalence

the proportion of a population that has a particular disease

genotype

part of the genetic makeup of an individual which determines their potential characteristics (eye color, height, IQ, personality)

phenotype

observable expression of the genotype, resulting from the interaction of the genotype with the environment (blonde hair, green eyes)

complimentary medicines

used along with standard medical treatment but is not considered by itself to be a standard treatment such as acupuncture, herbal remedies, and meditation.

alternative medicines

medical treatments that are used instead of standard medical treatments, including practices like homeopathy, chiropractic care, and naturopathy.

social determinants of health

• Education access and quality - early education, high school graduation, enrollment in
higher education, developing language and literacy, education access for students
with disabilities

• Health care access and quality - access to health care, health literacy, use of
preventative screenings, engagement in healthcare, access to substance use
treatment

• Neighborhood and built environment - access to healthy foods, crime and violence
rates, quality of housing/transportation, access to internet, exposure to toxins

• Social and community context - civic participation, discrimination, incarceration,
social cohesion, resiliency strategies to stress

• Economic stability - employment, food stability, housing instability, poverty,
transportation

communicable disease

diseases that spread from one person to another or from an animal to a person ( flu, HIV, polio)

noncommunicable disease

disease of long duration and have slow progression (chronic diseases) ( heart attacks, stroke, COPD)

intention behavior gap

the discrepancy in the case that a person develops an intention to change their health behavior, but they may not take any action

self presentation

the desire to appear a particular way to people

social desirability

the tendency to underreport socially undesirable attitudes and behaviors and to over report more desirable attributes

memory bias

the tendency to selectively recall memories that are congruent with a current emotional state

optimistic bias

the mistaken belief that ones chance of experiencing a negative event are lower ( or a positive event higher) than that of ones peers

Anxious (preoccupied) attachment

– The thought of living without the partner (or being alone in general) causes high levels of anxiety
– Negative self-image, while having a positive view of others

Avoidant (dismissive) attachment

– The dismissing / avoiding type would often perceive themselves as ‘lone wolves’ or strong,
independent, and self-sufficient

Disorganized (fearful-avoidant) attachment

want intimacy and closeness but at the same time, experience troubles trusting and depending on others

secure attachment

thrive in their relationships but also don’t fear being on their own

disordered eating signs and symptoms

• frequent dieting

• anxiety associated w foods

• chronic weight fluctuations

• guilt and shame associated w eating

• loss of control around food

• ‘making up for bad foods’

• restrain theory

causes of obesity

-genetic predisposition

-developmental hypothesis

-energy balance theory

-inactivity

-sleeping patterns

-food reward theory

-obesogenic environment

barriers to healthy eating

-lack of time and competing priorities

-modifying existing habits

-difficulty avoiding unhealthy options

-frequency of eating foods away from home

-lack of knowledge

-environmental and resources (location, time, cost, etc)

psychological

-lack of control around food

-lack of motivation to prepare/cook healthy foods

-emotional eating

social

-cultural or other celebrations with unhealthy foods

-friends or family discouraging healthy food options

self-awareness model

people drink to avoid self awareness

self handicapping

alcohol as an excuse for personal failures

-attempts to protect self esteem

-avoids confronting anxieties and provides a ‘safety net’

social learning theory

modeling makes use of the norm, positive expectations about use

tension reduction hypothesis

alcohol is rewarding because it is believed to reduce stress, yet can lead to anxiety and depression

self medication theory

when a person uses alcohol or drugs to cope w negative feelings

consequences of alcohol

psychosocial

-alcohol dependence

-behavioral disinhibition

-alcohol myopia=difficulty interpretting complex or ambiguous stimuli (focus on central factors)

physical

-liver cirrhosis

-cancer

-Korsakoff’s syndrome= neurological disorder of extreme memory difficulty and inability to store new memories (Korsakoffs amnesia) (irreversable but can be alleviated)

consequences of tobacco

psychosocial

- addiction - increased risk of mental health disorders - social stigma

physical

- lung cancer - heart disease - chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) - respiratory infections

patient centered communication

makes use of the patients knowledge and experience through techniques such as silence, listening, and reflection

doctor centered communication

makes use of the doctors knowledge and skill with minimal input from the patient

behavior change approach

-an approach to health promotion that targets behavior change in individual members of the populations

-goal=bring about changes in individual behavior through changes in their cognition

-gives illusion of patient empowerment

cannon-bard

emotional states come from the brain itself, rather than from sensory feedback to the brain

-thalamus-the feeling of emotion

-hypothalamus-emotional expression

-occur simultaneously

James-Lange

emotional states come from physical reactions in the body

-each feeling has a unique bodily response

-first, the body responds

-second, we experience the emotion

Schachter-Singer

emotional states are functions of physiological arousal and cognitive interpretations of the physical state

Diathesis stress model

disorders develop from predispositions for that illness (diathesis) combines with stressful conditions

problem-focused coping

attempts to confront and change the stressor

emotion-focused coping

attempts to reduce its negative affects

emotional support

the expression of care, concern, and empathy for a person

belongingness support

similar to emotional support, but refers primarily to availability of social companionship

instrumental support

providing concrete assistance

informational support

providing advice and guidance

esteem support

affirmations of self worth

matching hypothesis

individuals benefit from receiving the type of social support that fits their particular problem

Type A

constant struggle to do more

-risk factor for CHD

Type B

not time pressured (easygoing)

-protective factor against CHD

resilience

the process and outcome of successfully adapting to difficult life experiences

-resilient children have'

-social/academic skills

-easy temperaments

-high self esteem

-at least 1 consistent support person in their life

hardiness

-less aroused by stressful situations

-live life to the fullest

-deeply involved and committed to activities

-view change as an exciting challenge

-components:health control, commitment, challenge

specificity theory

direct relationship between pain stimulus and pain experience

-stimulation of specific pain receptors (nociceptors) throughout the body sends impulses along specific pain pathways to specific areas of the sensory cortex

pattern theory

stimulation of nociceptors produces a pattern of impulses that are summated in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord

-pain info will only be transmitted to the cortex if the summated output exceeds a certain threshold, resulting in pain perception

gate control theory

suggests a gating mechanism in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord permits or inhibits pain impulses

-views pain as a multidimensional and subjective experience and acknowledges psychological, social, and behavioral factors

classical conditioning

situation (environment) becomes associated w pain (provokes anxiety and pain perception

operant conditioning

pain behaviors become conditional responses through reinforcement

Fear avoidance model

individuals develop chronic pain as a result of avoidance of activities based on their fear of pain

-confrontation leads to a reduction in fear over time

-avoidance leads to the maintenance or exacerbation of fear

compliance

behavior matches the prescribers recommendations and is considered a passive process

adherence

behavior corresponds w agreed recommendations from HCPs and is considered an active process

consequences of non-compliance

-failure of treatment

-increased risk of hospitilization and costs

-decreased QOL

-increased healing time

consequences of compliance

-dependence

-lack of control

-powerlessness

bereavement

grief and mourning after a loved one dies

-grief is the feelings caused by the loss and mourning is the expression of these feelings

disenfranchised grief

society won’t understand your grief (miscarriage, losing a patient)

complicated grief

response that seems different from expectations (eg. absent, delayed, chronic)

anticipatory grief

grief experienced when a loved one is expected to die

traumatic grief

unexpected death of a loved one

stages of death and dying

denial, anger, bargaining, depression, acceptance

Task work model

terminally ill focus on 4 types tasks

• physical-symptom management

• psychological-emotional aspects of dying

• social-relationships/social roles

• spiritual-faith, purpose

‘good death’

pain free, family present, sudden or peaceful death

‘bad death’

severe pain or discomfort