Physical properties of Solutions

Henry’s Law

A gas law which states that at the amount of gas that is dissolved in a liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas above the liquid when the temperature is kept constant.

Solute

Is a substance that is dissolved in a solution

Solvent

liquid that the solute is dissolved in.

Water

• is the most powerful solvent among others. It's also known as the "universal solvent"

• can dissolve almost any material

Hydrocarbon solvents

Oxygenated solvents

Halogenated solvents

3 types of solvent

Hydrocarbon solvents

Organic solvents with only hydrogen and carbon atoms in their molecules.

Oxygenated solvents

• Solvents of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms in their chemical structure

• has a high solvency and low toxicity

Halogenated solvents

Solvents containing a halogen, such as chlorine, bromine, or iodine.

Photosynthesis

Plants absorb heat energy from sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen.

Combustion

The burning of carbon-containing compounds uses oxygen, from air, and produces carbon dioxide, water, and lots of heat.

Enthalpy

Quantity used to describe heat changes taking place at constant pressure.

Molarity

The ratio of moles of solute to the volume of solution in litres

Molality

The ratio of moles of solute to the volume of solvent in kilograms

Stracture of molecules

Pressure

Temperature

3 Factors of Solubility of Substance

Colligative properties

Properties that depend only on the number of solute particles in solution and not on the nature of the solute particles.

Vapor pressure lowering

Boiling point elevation

Freezing point depression

Osmotic pressure

4 COLLIGATIVE PROPERTIES AND NONELECTROLYTES

Vapor pressure lowering

If both components of a solution are volatile (that is, have a measurable vapor pressure), the vapor pressure of the solution is the sum of the individual partial pressures.

Boiling point elevation

The presence of a solute means the temperature must be raised further to raise the vapor pressure to atmospheric pressure, so the boiling point is raised as well.

Freezing point depression

Freezing involves a transition from the disordered state to the ordered state.

Osmotic pressure

This is the minimum pressure that would have to be applied to a pure solvent to prevent it from passing into a given solution by osmosis, often used to express the concentration of the solution.