theories about the formation of the universe and the solar system

telescope

used to observe heavenly bodies

Hans Lippershey

original patent holder of the telescope (1608)

3x

lippershey telescope magnification

Galileo Galilei

reinforced the telescope

what galileo discovered

• sunspots

• phases of venus

  • 4 galilean moons of jupiter

28x

galileo telescope magnification

james webb space telescope

took 1st deep field photo

• made in 2021

1. stars

2. galaxies

3. nebula

main objects in universe

stars

generated heat via nuclear fusion in core

• (H+He)

galaxies

systems of stars/interstellar objects

nebula

accumulations of space dust/stars

1. universe is a finite, closed 4-D sphere

2. universe is homogenous

what Einstein said about the universe

Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP)

observes fluctuations and temperature differences in CMB radiation/anisotropes to determine traits of the universe

• 4% ordinary matter

• 73% dark energy

• 23% dark matter

composition of the universe

1. universe is smooth and homogenous

2. universe is dominated by gravity only

assumptions of the universe

tiny clumps that grew bigger due to gravity

contradiction to the theory that the universe is smooth and homogenous

CMB radiation fluctuates; there must be 100x more dark matter than ordinary matter

contradiction to the universe is dominated by gravity theory

• both have sufficient mass to become round

• both orbit the sun

similarities of planets and dwarf planets

pluto intersects neptune’s orbit

why pluto is not a planet

• mercury

• venus

• earth

• mars

aka inner planets

terrestrial planets

characteristics of a terrestrial planets

• small size and high density

• made of rock and metal

• no rings

  • little to no moons

• solid and warm surfaces

• jupiter

• saturn

• uranus

• neptune

aka outer planets

jovian planets

characteristics of a jovian planet

• larger size and mass

• low density

• many rings and moons

• gaseous surfaces with cool temperatures

elliptical

all planets are in this type of orbit (approximately same ecliptic)

counter-clockwise (except for venus and uranus)

the direction in which the planet turns

>3.4º

inclination of planetary orbits (except for mercury)

true

there is a clear demarcation between terrestrial and gaseous planets

6º

sun rotation axis

sun

most of the solar system mass

nebular hypothesis

the solar system was developed from a primeval nebula

conservation of angular momentum

what made a disc (eventually the solar system)

nuclear fusion

growing core created this because of heating

centrifugal force

caused a ring to form around the protosun

protoplanetary disk

ring around the protosun

lighter gas was swept further from the sun leaving heavier elements

what happened to the lighter and heavier elements

accretion

mutual gravity created terrestrial planets

asteroids

what the leftovers from accretion formed

nebular capture

colder regions made water vapour condense into ice and combined with gas

comets

what the leftovers from nebular capture formed