Chapter 7

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83 Terms

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carbon dioxide (CO2)

Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism

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cartilage

Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone

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cilia

Minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of a cell

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diffuse

To move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces

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oxygen (O2)

Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration

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pH

Symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance

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serous membrane

Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist;

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nas/o

nose

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rhin/o

nose

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sept/o

septum

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sinus/o

sinus, cavity

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pharyng/o

pharynx (throat)

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adenoid/o

adenoids

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tonsill/o

tonsils

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epiglott/o

epiglottis

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laryng/o

larynx (voice box)

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trache/o

trachea (windpipe)

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bronchi/o

bronchus (plural, bronchi)

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bronch/o

bronchus (plural, bronchi)

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bronchiol/o

bronchiole

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alveol/o

alveolus; air sac

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pleur/o

pleura

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pneum/o

air, lung

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pneumon/o

air, lung

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pulmon/o

lung

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anthrac/o

coal, coal dust

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atel/o

incomplete; imperfect

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coni/o

dust

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cyan/o

blue

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lob/o

lobe

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orth/o

straight

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ox/o

oxygen (O2)

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pector/o

chest

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steth/o

chest

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thorac/o

chest

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phen/o

diaphragm; mind

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spir/o

breathe

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-capnia

carbon dioxide (CO2)

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-osmia

smell

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-phonia

voice

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-pnea

breathing

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-ptysis

spitting

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-thorax

chest

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brady-

slow

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dys-

bad; painful; difficult

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eu-

good, normal

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tachy-

rapid

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crackle

Intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale

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rhonchus

Continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring

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stridor

High-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway

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wheeze

Whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway

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acidosis

Excessive acidity of body fluids

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anosmia

Absence of the sense of smell

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apnea

Disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenation, causing the patient to awaken, gasping for air

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central (CSA)

A form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing

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obstructive (OSA)

Most common form of sleep apnea caused by an upper airway blockage that prevents an adequate flow of air to the lungs

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mixed

Type of sleep apnea that occurs when central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea occur simultaneously

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atelectasis

Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung

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coryza

Acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called rhinitis

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croup

Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages and sometimes involving the lungs

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cystic fibrosis (CF)

Life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts, especially in the lungs and pancreas

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deviated nasal septum

Displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes causes nosebleed

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epiglottitis

Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12 years

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epistaxis

Nasal hemorrhage; also called nosebleed

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hypoxemia

Oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia

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hypoxia

Oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis

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influenza

Acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by weakness, fever, chills, and muscle pain, especially in the back, arms, and legs

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pertussis

Acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic “whoop” sound; also called whooping cough

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pleural effusion

Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs

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empyema

Exudative effusion characterized by collection of pus in the pleural cavity, commonly as a result of bacterial pneumonia that spreads from the lungs; also called pyothorax

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pneumothorax

Presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of a thoracic surgery

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pleurisy

Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing

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pulmonary edema

Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure

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pulmonary embolism

Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body

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sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months; also called crib death

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tuberculosis (TB)

Potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets, affecting any organ of the body but primarily the lungs and causing chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats

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antitussives

Relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain

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bronchodilators

Stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased airflow

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corticosteroids

Act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions

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antibiotics

Destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria by disrupting their membranes or one or more of their metabolic processes

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antihistamines

Block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues

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decongestants

Constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways

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expectorants

Liquefy respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes