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carbon dioxide (CO2)
Tasteless, colorless, odorless gas produced by body cells during metabolism
cartilage
Tough, elastic connective tissue that is more rigid than ligaments but less dense than bone
cilia
Minute, hairlike structures that extend from the surface of a cell
diffuse
To move or spread out a substance at random, rather than by chemical reaction or application of external forces
oxygen (O2)
Tasteless, odorless, colorless gas essential for human respiration
pH
Symbol that indicates the degree of acidity or alkalinity of a substance
serous membrane
Thin layer of tissue that covers internal body cavities and secretes a fluid that keeps the membrane moist;
nas/o
nose
rhin/o
nose
sept/o
septum
sinus/o
sinus, cavity
pharyng/o
pharynx (throat)
adenoid/o
adenoids
tonsill/o
tonsils
epiglott/o
epiglottis
laryng/o
larynx (voice box)
trache/o
trachea (windpipe)
bronchi/o
bronchus (plural, bronchi)
bronch/o
bronchus (plural, bronchi)
bronchiol/o
bronchiole
alveol/o
alveolus; air sac
pleur/o
pleura
pneum/o
air, lung
pneumon/o
air, lung
pulmon/o
lung
anthrac/o
coal, coal dust
atel/o
incomplete; imperfect
coni/o
dust
cyan/o
blue
lob/o
lobe
orth/o
straight
ox/o
oxygen (O2)
pector/o
chest
steth/o
chest
thorac/o
chest
phen/o
diaphragm; mind
spir/o
breathe
-capnia
carbon dioxide (CO2)
-osmia
smell
-phonia
voice
-pnea
breathing
-ptysis
spitting
-thorax
chest
brady-
slow
dys-
bad; painful; difficult
eu-
good, normal
tachy-
rapid
crackle
Intermittent sounds caused by exudates, spasms, hyperplasia, or when air enters moisture-filled alveoli; also called rale
rhonchus
Continuous sound heard during inspiration and expiration caused by secretions in the larger airways and commonly resembling snoring
stridor
High-pitched, harsh sound caused by a spasm or swelling of the larynx or an obstruction in the upper airway
wheeze
Whistling or sighing that results from narrowing of the lumen of the respiratory passageway
acidosis
Excessive acidity of body fluids
anosmia
Absence of the sense of smell
apnea
Disorder in which breathing stops repeatedly during sleep, resulting in blood deoxygenation, causing the patient to awaken, gasping for air
central (CSA)
A form of sleep apnea that occurs when the brain fails to stimulate breathing muscles, causing brief pauses in breathing
obstructive (OSA)
Most common form of sleep apnea caused by an upper airway blockage that prevents an adequate flow of air to the lungs
mixed
Type of sleep apnea that occurs when central sleep apnea and obstructive sleep apnea occur simultaneously
atelectasis
Collapsed or airless state of the lung, which may be acute or chronic and affects all or part of a lung
coryza
Acute inflammation of the membranes of the nose; also called rhinitis
croup
Common childhood condition involving inflammation of the larynx, trachea, and bronchial passages and sometimes involving the lungs
cystic fibrosis (CF)
Life-threatening genetic disease causing mucus to become unusually thick and sticky, plugging tubes and ducts, especially in the lungs and pancreas
deviated nasal septum
Displacement of the cartilage dividing the nostrils that causes reduced airflow and sometimes causes nosebleed
epiglottitis
Severe, life-threatening infection of the epiglottis and supraglottic structures that occurs most commonly in children between ages 2 and 12 years
epistaxis
Nasal hemorrhage; also called nosebleed
hypoxemia
Oxygen deficiency in arterial blood, which is usually a sign of respiratory impairment and commonly causes hypoxia
hypoxia
Oxygen deficiency in the body or a region of the body that commonly causes cyanosis
influenza
Acute, contagious viral disorder of the respiratory tract, characterized by weakness, fever, chills, and muscle pain, especially in the back, arms, and legs
pertussis
Acute, infectious disease characterized by a cough that has a characteristic “whoop” sound; also called whooping cough
pleural effusion
Abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural cavity that impairs breathing by limiting the expansion of the lungs
empyema
Exudative effusion characterized by collection of pus in the pleural cavity, commonly as a result of bacterial pneumonia that spreads from the lungs; also called pyothorax
pneumothorax
Presence of air in the pleural cavity, commonly caused by a blunt or penetrating chest injury or as the result of a thoracic surgery
pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleural membrane characterized by a stabbing pain that is intensified by coughing or deep breathing
pulmonary edema
Accumulation of extravascular fluid in lung tissues and alveoli, most commonly caused by heart failure
pulmonary embolism
Blockage in an artery of the lungs caused by a mass of undissolved matter (such as a blood clot, tissue, air bubbles, and bacteria) that has traveled to the lungs from another part of the body
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
Completely unexpected and unexplained death of an apparently normal, healthy infant, usually less than age 12 months; also called crib death
tuberculosis (TB)
Potentially fatal contagious disease spread through respiratory droplets, affecting any organ of the body but primarily the lungs and causing chest pain, hemoptysis, weight loss, fatigue, and night sweats
antitussives
Relieve or suppress coughing by blocking the cough reflex in the medulla of the brain
bronchodilators
Stimulate bronchial muscles to relax, thereby expanding air passages, resulting in increased airflow
corticosteroids
Act on the immune system by blocking production of substances that trigger allergic and inflammatory actions
antibiotics
Destroy or inhibit the growth of bacteria by disrupting their membranes or one or more of their metabolic processes
antihistamines
Block histamines from binding with histamine receptor sites in tissues
decongestants
Constrict blood vessels of nasal passages and limit blood flow, which causes swollen tissues to shrink so that air can pass more freely through the passageways
expectorants
Liquefy respiratory secretions so that they are more easily dislodged during coughing episodes