AP Environmental Science Chapter 9: Water Vocab

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aquifer

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a permeable layer of rock and sediment that contains groundwater

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unconfined aquifer

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an aquifer made of porous rock covered by soil out of which water can easily flow

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26 Terms

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aquifer

a permeable layer of rock and sediment that contains groundwater

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unconfined aquifer

an aquifer made of porous rock covered by soil out of which water can easily flow

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confined aquifer

an aquifer surrounded by a layer of impermeable rock or clay that impedes water flow

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water table

the uppermost level at which the water in a given area fully saturates rock or soil

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groundwater recharge

a process by which water percolates through the soil and works its way into an aquifer

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spring

a natural source of water formed when water from an aquifer percolates up to the ground surface

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artesian well

a well created by drilling a hole into a confined aquifer

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cone of depression

an area lacking groundwater due to rapid withdrawal by a well

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saltwater intrusion

an infiltration of salt water in an area where groundwater pressure has been reduced from extensive drilling of wells

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floodplain

the land adjacent to a river

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impermeable surface

pavement or buildings that do not allow water penetration

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levee

an enlarged bank built up on each side of a river

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dike

a structure built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land

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dam

a barrier that runs across a river or stream to control the flow of water

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reservoir

a water body created by damming a river or stream

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fish ladder

a stair-like structure that allows migrating fish to get around a dam

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aqueduct

a canal or ditch used to carry water from one location to another

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desalination

the process of removing the salt from salt water

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distillation

a process of desalination in which water is boiled and the resulting steam is captured and condensed to yield pure water

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reverse osmosis

a process of desalination in which water is forced through a thin semipermeable membrane at high pressure

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water footprint

the total daily per capita use of fresh water

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hydroponic agriculture

the cultivation of plants in greenhouse conditions by immersing roots in a nutrient rich solution

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tiered water-pricing system

a water allocation system that charges rates that increase with the amount of water consumed

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xeriscaping

a style of landscaping that removes water intensive vegetation from lawns and replaces it with more water-efficient native landscaping

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gray water

wastewater from baths, showers, bathroom sinks and washing machines

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contaminated water

wastewater from toilets, kitchen sinks, and dishwashers