Unit 3 - Biology

Cell membrane

Barrier around a cell

Cell membrane function

Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Chemical structure of the cell membrane

phospholipid bilayer

Simple diffusion

Transport of molecules from high to low concentrations without proteins

Facilitated diffusion

Transport of molecules with the help of transmembrane proteins

Osmosis

Facilitated diffusion of water

Isotonic

When the concentration of two solutions is the same

Hypertonic

When the concentration of one solution is greater than another

Hypotonic

When the concentration of one solution is less than another

Protein channel of osmosis

Aquaporin

Active transport

Energy-required diffusion from low to high concentrations

Endocytosis

Active transport where cells take in substances from outside the cell and enfolds it in a vesicle

Exocytosis

Active transport where cells release substances into the cell exterior

Cell specialization

Process that develops cells to perform different tasks

Cell specialization & homeostasis

Makes organs and organ systems that use individual tasks to maintain a internal environment

Hydrogen bonding

Bonds between hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of another water molecule

Cohesion

Attraction between molecules of the same substance

Adhesion

Attraction between molecules of two different substances

Solution

Mixture of a solvent and a solute

Solute

Substance being dissolved

Solvent

The liquid the solute dissolves in

Suspension

Solution where the solute hasn't dissolved in the solvent

pH scale

Measurement scale for acidity by hydrogen ion concentrations

Acid

Compound that forms hydrogen ions (H+) in solution

Base

compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH+) in solution

Biomolecule

Large organic molecule

Monomer

Small chemical unit that makes up a polymer

Polymer

Large compound formed from combinations of many monomers

Carbohydrates

Short term energy storage

Lipids

Long term energy storage

Nucleic Acids

Biomolecules that help build up DNA/RNA

Proteins

Provides structure to cells and tissues

Benedict's Test

Test for reducing sugars

Iodine Test

Test for detecting the amount of starch

Biuret Test

Test for detecting the amount of proteins

Sudan IV

Test for detecting the amount of lipids

Activation Energy

Energy needed to get a reaction started

Catalyst

Lowers the activation energy for a chemical reaction to speed up

Enzyme

A type of protein that speeds up a chemical reaction in a living thing

Substrate

The reactant on which an enzyme works.

Active Site

the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds

Inhibitor

A substance that blocks the substrate

Cell

Smallest unit of life

Cell Theory

Cells are the basic unit of life, all living things are made up of cells, all cells come from other cells

Prokaryotic Cell

cell lacking a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles

Eukaryotic Cell

cell that has a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles

Nucleus

Stores genetic information and is the control center of a cell

Cytoplasm

A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended

Ribosomes

Synthesizes proteins by linking amino acids

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Network of membranes with ribosomes that help in protein synthesis

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes lipids and detoxifies certain chemicals in a cell

Golgi Apparatus

Packages proteins and lipids for transport

Vacuoles

Stores food, water, wastes, and other materials

Vesicles

Sacs made of membrane

Lysosomes

An organelle containing digestive enzymes

Cytoskeleton

Network of protein filaments that provide structure to the cell

Microfilaments

Thin protein fibers that help with cell movement and shape

Microtubules

Protein tubes that help maintain cell shape

Chloroplast

Organelles in plant cells that perform photosynthesis

Mitochondria

Powers the cell, generates ATP through cellular respiration

What is this?

Nucleus

What is this?

Lysosome

What is this?

Golgi apparatus

What is this?

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

What is this?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

What is this?

Mitochondria

What is this?

Ribosome

What is this?

Vacuole

What is this?

Chloroplast

What is this?

Cell Wall

Bacteriophage

A virus that infects bacteria

Fredrick Giffith

Discovered bacterial information

Oswald Avery

Proved that DNA is the genetic material of bacteria.

Erwin Chargaff

discovered that A=T and G=C

Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase

Determined that DNA is the genetic material

Rosalind Franklin

Produced X-ray images of the DNA's helix shape

James Watson and Francis Crick

Stole Rosalind Franklin's work, made the diagram of the DNA's helix

Roles of DNA

storing, copying, and transmitting information

Nucleotide

Building block for DNA/RNA

Nucleotide parts

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base