Part 2 5 main categories

What are the 2 principal muscles for inspiration?

Diaphragm

Intercostals - external

What are the accessory muscles of Inspiration?

• Sternocleidomastoid

• Scalenes

• Serratus Anterior

• Pectoralis Major & Minor

• Upper Trapezius

• Latissimus Dorsi

What are the muscles that are used in Active Expiration?

• Intercostals - internal

• Abdominal muscles

  • Rectus Abdominis

  • External and Internal Obliques

  • Transverse Abdominis

• Quadratus Lumborum

What kind of process is Quiet Breathing?

Passive

What does Quiet Breathing result from?

Elastic recoil of the lungs, rib cage and diaphragm

What is Inspiration an active contraction of and results in?

Active contraction of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles resulting in thoracic and lung expansion

What kind of pressures causes air to flow into and inflate the lungs during inspiration?

Negative intrapleural pressure and falling alveolar pressure

What contraction of what muscles forces air out of the lungs faster and more forcefully during active breathing in expiration?

Expiratory muscles

What is total lung capacity?

Volume of air in the lungs after a maximal inhalation

What is the total lung capacity of a normal adult male?

6 Liters

What is vital capacity?

Air that can be exchanged by the lungs during a maximal inhalation and exhalation

What is Residual Volume?

Air always present in the lungs

What is percentage of residual volume present in total lung capacity?

20%

What is tidal volume?

Air exchanged during normal volume

How many ml is give per breath in tidal volume?

500 mL

What is diffusion the movement of?

The movement of gases into and out of the blood

What membrane does diffusion occur through?

alveolar-capillary membrane

What is diffusion affected by?

Concentration and solubility of gases

Membrane thickness

Surface area

Pathology – fibrosis, fluid, edema, etc

Is breathing primarily involuntary or voluntary?

involuntary

With control of breathing, what responds to changes in acidity of the brain extracellular fluid?

Central chemoreceptors

What increase of concentration stimulates ventilation?

Hydrogen (H+) ion concentration

What input responds to changes in CO2, hydrogen ion, and partial pressure of O2 in control of breathing?

Peripheral chemoreceptors

What increase in chemicals stimulates ventilation?

CO2 or PaO2

What is ventilation?

• Cyclic process of inhalation and exhalation

  • Moving air into and out of lungs

What is Minute Ventilation?

= amount of air moved into and out of lungs per minute

What is the formula of (VE)?

Tidal Volume (TV) x Respiratory Rate (RR)

What is the formula of Minute volume (V)?

• = Alveolar Volume + Dead Space Ventilation

  • V = VA + VD

What is the normal amount (L) of V?

5-10 L/min

At sea level, what is the percentages of O2 and nitrogen (atmospheric air)

~21% O2

79% Nitrogen

What decreases at higher elevations?

Fraction of Inspired Oxygen (FiO2)

What is air quality influenced by?

Environment

What can poor air quality cause?

Acute/chronic lung irritation

Lung damage

Allergies

Inflammatory reactions

Thickening of alveolar membranes

In zone 1, what is perfusion?

perfusion is absent

In zone 2, what is perfusion?

Perfusion is sporadic

In zone 3, what is perfusion?

Perfusion is constant

What is the ratio of air flow and blood flow to the alveolus, lung region, or entire lung

VENTILATION/PERFUSION (V/Q) RATIO

What is normal V/Q?

0.8

When does optimal gas exchange occur?

blood flow through the capillary is in equal proportion to the ventilation in and out of the alveoli

What V/Q value is optimal gas exchange?

1

Where does optimal gas exchange occur?

Mid zones of upright lungs

What is the pulmonary plexus formed from?

– formed from branches of the sympathetic trunk and vagus nerve

What stimulation is adrenergic?

Sympathetic stimulation

What are examples of Sympathetic stimulation?

Bronchodilation

Slight vasoconstriction

Inhibition of glandular secretion

What stimulation is cholinergic?

Parasympathetic stimulation

What are examples of Parasympathetic stimulation?

Bronchoconstriction

Indirect vasodilation

Glandular secretion