Communities

Neutral species interaction

neither species is helped nor harmed by interaction

Amensalism

One species is harmed while the other is unaffected

Competition

Both species are harmed

Intraspecific competition

competition between members of the same species

Interspecific competition

competition between two or more members of different species

When the number of these overlap, competition becomes greater

niches

Interference competition

Competition for space

How can competition be reduced?

resource partitioning and character displacement

resource partitioning

dividing resources so several species can utilize

Character displacement

Physical/behavioral differences between species allowing them to use different resources

Predation

One species feeds on another

What are the four main types of prey defenses?

Physical, chemical, color, behavioral

Example of physical defenses

Thorns or spines

Ex. of behavioral defenses

passive and active

Ex. of chemical defenses

Poisons/irritants

What are the three types of coloration defense

mimicry, frightening coloration, camouflage (cryptic coloration)

Parasitism

Feeding by one organism (parasite) on another (host) while living in or on host organism

What are the two types of parasitism

endoparasites and ectoparasites

endoparasites...

live inside of the host

Ectoparasites...

live on or outside of the host

Commensalism

one species benefits, the other is unaffected

Mutualism

both species are benefitted

Obligate symbionts

each species requires the other for survival

What are the three types of symbiosis?

mutualism, parasitism, commensalism