A&P LAP 1 Test Study Guide

Anatomy

• is the oldest medical science (1600 B.C.)

• describes the structures of the body

Physiology

is the study of:

• functions of anatomical structures (biochemistry, biology, chemistry, genetics)

• individual and cooperative functions

Organizational hierarchy from cell to organism

• cells

• tissue

• organ

• organ system

• organism

Integumentary System

Functions:

• protects against environmental hazards

• helps regulate body temp

• provides sensory info

Include: skin, hair, sweat galnds, nails

Skeletal System

Functions:

• provides support + protection for other tissues

• stores calcium + other minerals

• forms blood cells

Include: bones, cartilage, associated ligaments, bone marrow

Muscular System

Functions:

• provides movement

• provides protection + support for other tissues

• generates heat that maintains body temp

Include: skeletal muscles + associated tendons

Nervous System

Functions:

• directs immediate responses to stimuli

• coordinates or moderates activities of other organ systems

• provides + interprets sensory info about external conditions

Include: brain, spinal cord, peripheral nerves, sense organs

Endocrine System

Functions:

• directs long-term changes in the activities of other organ systems

• adjusts metabolic activity + energy use by the body

• controls many structural + functional changes during development

Include: pancreas, gonads, thyroid gland, adrenal glands

Cardiovascular System

Functions:

• distributes blood cells, water + dissolved materials, such as nutrients, waste products, O₂, and CO₂

• distributes heat + assists in control of body temp

Include: heart, blood, blood vessels

Lymphatic System

Functions:

• defends against infection + disease

• returns tissue fluids to the bloodstream

Include: spleen, thymus, lymphatic vessels + nodes, tonsils

Respiratory System

Functions:

• delivers air to alveoli

• provides oxygen to bloodstream

• removes CO₂ from bloodstream

• produces sounds for communication

Include: nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs

Digestive System

Functions:

• processes + digests food

• absorbs + conserves food

• absorbs nutrients

• stores energy reserves

Include: teeth, pharynx, stomach, large + small intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

Urinary System

Functions:

• excretes waste products from blood

• controls water balance by regulating volume of urine produced

• stores urine prior to voluntary elimination

• regulates blood ion concentrations + pH

Include: kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra

Male Reproductive System

Functions:

• produces male sex cells (sperm) suspending fluids + hormones

• sexual intercourse

Include: testes, penis, scrotum, prostate gland

Female Reproductive System

Functions:

• produces female sex cells + hormones

• supports developing embryo from conception to delivery

• provides milk to nourish newborn infant

• sexual intercourse

Include: ovaries, uterus, vagina, mammary glands, uterine tubes

Negative Feedback loop

1) the response of the effector negates the stimulus

2) the body is brought back into homeostasis

Positive Feedback loop

1) the response of the effector increases change of the stimulus

2) body is moved away from homeostasis

Abdominopelvic Regions

Abdominopelvic Quadrants

• Right Upper Quadrant (RUQ)

• Right Lower Quadrant (RLQ)

• Left Upper Quadrant (LUQ)

• Left Lower Quadrant (LLQ)

What is the anatomical position?

standing, hands at sides, palms forward

Supine: lying down, face up

Prone: lying down, face down

superior

upper/above

inferior

lower/below

anterior

• to the front of

• ventral

posterior

• to the back of

• dorsal

medial

toward the midline of the body

lateral

toward the side of the body

proximal

toward an attached base

distal

away from an attached base

superficial

closer to the surface of the body

deep

further from the surface of the body

What are the different planes?

• frontal

• sagital

• transverse

Ventral Body Cavity

thoracic + abdominopelvic cavity separated by the diaphragm

Thoracic Body Cavity

• Mediastinum- contains the trachea, esophagus, thymus, glands

• Pericardial cavity- houses heart

• Left Pleural Cavity- houses left lung

• Right Pleural Cavity- houses right lung

Abdominopelvic Cavity

• Abdominal cavity- liver, stomach, pancreas, spleen, gallbladder, intestines, kidneys

• Pelvic cavity- bladder, reproductive organs, large intestine

Serous Membranes

Line body cavity and cover organs

Parietal layer: lines cavity

Visceral layer: covers organ

Cephalic

Cervical

neck

Trunk

• thoracic/thorax- chest

• mammary- breast

• abdominal

• navel- umbilical

• axillary- armpit

• brachial- arm

• antecubital- front of elbow

Upper Limb

• acromial- shoulder

• dorsal- back

• olecranal- back of elbow

• loin- lumbar

Lower Limb

• gluteal- buttock

• popliteal- back of knee

• sural- calf

• calcaneal- heel of foot

• plantar- sole of foot

Facilitated diffusion + when is it used?

Ordinary diffusion + when is it used?

Endocytosis

endo-inside

• is active transport using ATP

Exocytosis

exo-outside

Cell Parts + Functions

composition and function of the cell membrane

What: A watery medium that surrounds a cell

What it does: separates cytoplasm from the extracellular fluid

What are the two main categories that cells fall into in the body?

• somatic cells

• sex cells

Why is it important to maintain concentration gradients in the body, and what would occur if one were unbalanced?

Concentration gradients are important because they help substances like water, oxygen, and nutrients move into and out of cells. If a concentration gradient becomes unbalanced, substances may not move where they are needed, may not function properly, or may become damaged.

Why is homeostasis important to living things?

Homeostasis is important because it keeps the body's internal conditions stable and balanced, such as temperature, water levels, and blood sugar. Without homeostasis, cells and organs wouldn’t work properly, which could cause diseases.