Chapter 15 Terms

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81 Terms

1

Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

A severe lung condition where fluid fills the lungs' air sacs, making breathing extremely difficult.

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2

Adventitious breath sounds

Abnormal sounds heard during lung auscultation, indicating underlying respiratory issues.

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3

Air trapping

Difficulty exhaling completely, leading to a buildup of air in the lungs.

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4

Airway remodeling

Structural changes in the airways, commonly observed in asthma and chronic bronchitis.

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5

Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)

A protein that protects the lungs; deficiency can lead to emphysema.

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6

Anoxia

Complete absence of oxygen supply to tissues, a life-threatening condition.

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7

Aspiration

Inhaling foreign substances, such as food or vomit, into the airways.

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8

Aspiration pneumonia

Lung infection caused by aspiration, leading to inflammation and breathing difficulties.

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9

Asthma

Chronic airway disease characterized by inflammation and reversible airflow obstruction.

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10

Atelectasis

Collapse of lung tissue, preventing normal gas exchange.

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11

Barrel chest

Abnormal increase in chest diameter, often seen in patients with emphysema.

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12

Bronchiectasis

Permanent dilation and damage to the bronchi, leading to mucus buildup.

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13

Capillary refill

The time it takes for color to return to the skin after pressure is applied.

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14

Central cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low blood oxygen levels.

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15

Centriacinar emphysema

A type of emphysema that primarily affects the central part of the lung's air sacs.

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16

Chemoreceptors

Sensors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels.

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17

Chronic bronchitis

Persistent inflammation and mucus production in the bronchi, leading to a chronic cough.

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18

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A group of lung diseases characterized by airflow obstruction.

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19

Clubbing

Enlargement of the fingertips and toes, often associated with chronic lung diseases.

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20

Compliance

The ability of the lungs to expand and recoil during breathing.

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21

Consolidation

Solidification of lung tissue due to fluid accumulation.

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22

Cor pulmonale

Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension.

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23

Costochondritis

Inflammation of the cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum, causing chest pain.

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24

Crackles

Abnormal lung sounds heard during auscultation, indicating fluid in the lungs.

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25

Cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low blood oxygen levels.

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26

Cystic fibrosis (CF)

A genetic disorder affecting the lungs, characterized by thick mucus buildup.

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27

Diffusing capacity

The ability of the lungs to transfer gases between the air and blood.

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28

Dyspnea

Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.

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29

Emphysema

Destruction of the alveoli, leading to reduced lung function.

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30

Empyema

Pus accumulation in the pleural space, often caused by infection.

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31

Exercise-induced asthma (EIA)

Asthma triggered by physical activity.

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32

Expiration

The process of breathing out, expelling air from the lungs.

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33

Fibrosis

Scarring and thickening of lung tissue, reducing lung elasticity.

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34

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)

The amount of air forcefully exhaled in the first second.

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35

Forced vital capacity (FVC)

The total amount of air forcefully exhaled after a deep breath.

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36

Gastroesophageal reflux

Backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus.

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37

Hemoptysis

Coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum.

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38

Hepatization

Solidification of lung tissue, resembling the liver.

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39

Hyaline membrane

A layer of protein and dead cells lining the alveoli in ARDS.

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40

Hypercapnia

Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.

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41

Hypoxemia

Low blood oxygen levels.

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42

Hypoxia

Reduced oxygen supply to tissues.

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43

Impaired diffusion

Reduced ability of the lungs to transfer gases.

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44

Inspiration

The process of breathing in, drawing air into the lungs.

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45

Mechanical ventilation

Use of a machine to assist or replace breathing.

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46

Mucus plugs

Thick mucus secretions that can obstruct airways.

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47

Nosocomial

Hospital-acquired infection.

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48

Orthopnea

Shortness of breath when lying flat.

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49

Oxygen saturation (SaO2)

The percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that is carrying oxygen.

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50

Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)

Hemoglobin bound to oxygen.

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51

PaO2

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.

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52

PaCO2

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.

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53

Panacinar emphysema

A type of emphysema that affects the entire alveolus.

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54

Perfusion

Blood flow through the lungs or other tissues.

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55

Peripheral cyanosis

Bluish discoloration of the extremities due to low oxygen levels.

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56

Phlegm

Mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract.

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57

Pleural effusion

Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.

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58

Pleural friction rub

A grating sound indicating inflammation of the pleura.

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59

Pneumonia

Lung infection causing inflammation and fluid accumulation.

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60

Pneumothorax

Air in the pleural space, causing lung collapse.

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61

Pulmonary edema

Fluid accumulation in the lungs.

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62

Pulmonary embolus

Blockage of a pulmonary artery, usually by a blood clot.

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63

Pulsus paradoxus

An abnormally large decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration.

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64

Pursed lip breathing

A breathing technique that helps improve airflow.

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65

Residual volume (RV)

The amount of air remaining in the lungs after exhalation.

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66

Resistance

Opposition to airflow in the airways.

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67

Respiration

The process of gas exchange between the body and the environment.

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68

Respiratory failure

Inability of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation.

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69

Retractions

Visible sinking of the chest wall during inspiration.

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70

Sepsis

A life-threatening condition caused by infection.

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71

Sputum

Mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract.

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72

Status asthmaticus

A severe asthma attack that does not respond to treatment.

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73

Surfactant

A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli.

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74

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)

A widespread inflammatory response to infection.

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75

Tidal volume (TV)

The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.

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76

Total lung capacity (TLC)

The maximum amount of air the lungs can hold.

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77

Type I alveolar cells

Cells that allow for gas exchange in the alveoli.

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78

Type II alveolar cells

Cells that produce surfactant, essential for lung function.

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79

Typical pneumonia

Pneumonia caused by typical bacteria, often more severe.

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80

Ventilation

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.

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81

Ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) mismatching

An imbalance between airflow and blood flow in the lung.

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