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Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
A severe lung condition where fluid fills the lungs' air sacs, making breathing extremely difficult.
Adventitious breath sounds
Abnormal sounds heard during lung auscultation, indicating underlying respiratory issues.
Air trapping
Difficulty exhaling completely, leading to a buildup of air in the lungs.
Airway remodeling
Structural changes in the airways, commonly observed in asthma and chronic bronchitis.
Alpha-1 antitrypsin (AAT)
A protein that protects the lungs; deficiency can lead to emphysema.
Anoxia
Complete absence of oxygen supply to tissues, a life-threatening condition.
Aspiration
Inhaling foreign substances, such as food or vomit, into the airways.
Aspiration pneumonia
Lung infection caused by aspiration, leading to inflammation and breathing difficulties.
Asthma
Chronic airway disease characterized by inflammation and reversible airflow obstruction.
Atelectasis
Collapse of lung tissue, preventing normal gas exchange.
Barrel chest
Abnormal increase in chest diameter, often seen in patients with emphysema.
Bronchiectasis
Permanent dilation and damage to the bronchi, leading to mucus buildup.
Capillary refill
The time it takes for color to return to the skin after pressure is applied.
Central cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low blood oxygen levels.
Centriacinar emphysema
A type of emphysema that primarily affects the central part of the lung's air sacs.
Chemoreceptors
Sensors that detect changes in blood oxygen, carbon dioxide and pH levels.
Chronic bronchitis
Persistent inflammation and mucus production in the bronchi, leading to a chronic cough.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
A group of lung diseases characterized by airflow obstruction.
Clubbing
Enlargement of the fingertips and toes, often associated with chronic lung diseases.
Compliance
The ability of the lungs to expand and recoil during breathing.
Consolidation
Solidification of lung tissue due to fluid accumulation.
Cor pulmonale
Right-sided heart failure caused by pulmonary hypertension.
Costochondritis
Inflammation of the cartilage connecting the ribs to the sternum, causing chest pain.
Crackles
Abnormal lung sounds heard during auscultation, indicating fluid in the lungs.
Cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes due to low blood oxygen levels.
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
A genetic disorder affecting the lungs, characterized by thick mucus buildup.
Diffusing capacity
The ability of the lungs to transfer gases between the air and blood.
Dyspnea
Shortness of breath or difficulty breathing.
Emphysema
Destruction of the alveoli, leading to reduced lung function.
Empyema
Pus accumulation in the pleural space, often caused by infection.
Exercise-induced asthma (EIA)
Asthma triggered by physical activity.
Expiration
The process of breathing out, expelling air from the lungs.
Fibrosis
Scarring and thickening of lung tissue, reducing lung elasticity.
Forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1)
The amount of air forcefully exhaled in the first second.
Forced vital capacity (FVC)
The total amount of air forcefully exhaled after a deep breath.
Gastroesophageal reflux
Backflow of stomach acid into the esophagus.
Hemoptysis
Coughing up blood or blood-stained sputum.
Hepatization
Solidification of lung tissue, resembling the liver.
Hyaline membrane
A layer of protein and dead cells lining the alveoli in ARDS.
Hypercapnia
Elevated carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
Hypoxemia
Low blood oxygen levels.
Hypoxia
Reduced oxygen supply to tissues.
Impaired diffusion
Reduced ability of the lungs to transfer gases.
Inspiration
The process of breathing in, drawing air into the lungs.
Mechanical ventilation
Use of a machine to assist or replace breathing.
Mucus plugs
Thick mucus secretions that can obstruct airways.
Nosocomial
Hospital-acquired infection.
Orthopnea
Shortness of breath when lying flat.
Oxygen saturation (SaO2)
The percentage of hemoglobin in the blood that is carrying oxygen.
Oxyhemoglobin (HbO2)
Hemoglobin bound to oxygen.
PaO2
Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood.
PaCO2
Partial pressure of carbon dioxide in arterial blood.
Panacinar emphysema
A type of emphysema that affects the entire alveolus.
Perfusion
Blood flow through the lungs or other tissues.
Peripheral cyanosis
Bluish discoloration of the extremities due to low oxygen levels.
Phlegm
Mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract.
Pleural effusion
Fluid accumulation in the pleural space.
Pleural friction rub
A grating sound indicating inflammation of the pleura.
Pneumonia
Lung infection causing inflammation and fluid accumulation.
Pneumothorax
Air in the pleural space, causing lung collapse.
Pulmonary edema
Fluid accumulation in the lungs.
Pulmonary embolus
Blockage of a pulmonary artery, usually by a blood clot.
Pulsus paradoxus
An abnormally large decrease in systolic blood pressure during inspiration.
Pursed lip breathing
A breathing technique that helps improve airflow.
Residual volume (RV)
The amount of air remaining in the lungs after exhalation.
Resistance
Opposition to airflow in the airways.
Respiration
The process of gas exchange between the body and the environment.
Respiratory failure
Inability of the lungs to provide adequate oxygenation.
Retractions
Visible sinking of the chest wall during inspiration.
Sepsis
A life-threatening condition caused by infection.
Sputum
Mucus coughed up from the respiratory tract.
Status asthmaticus
A severe asthma attack that does not respond to treatment.
Surfactant
A substance that reduces surface tension in the alveoli.
Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
A widespread inflammatory response to infection.
Tidal volume (TV)
The amount of air inhaled and exhaled during normal breathing.
Total lung capacity (TLC)
The maximum amount of air the lungs can hold.
Type I alveolar cells
Cells that allow for gas exchange in the alveoli.
Type II alveolar cells
Cells that produce surfactant, essential for lung function.
Typical pneumonia
Pneumonia caused by typical bacteria, often more severe.
Ventilation
The process of moving air in and out of the lungs.
Ventilation–perfusion (V/Q) mismatching
An imbalance between airflow and blood flow in the lung.
