CH 1: The Body

anatomy

the study of structures of the body

physiology

the study of the functions of the body

functional anatomy

anatomy which emphasizes the structural characteristics of a body part that contribute to its function

gross anatomy

see without a microscope, dissection

regional anatomy

focuses on regions of the body

systemic anatomy

focuses on systems of the body

surface anatomy

focuses of surfaces of certain structures (landmarks)

microscopic anatomy

histology; physiological and disease processes occur at the cellular/tissue level

structural organization 1

chemical level- atoms combine to form molecules

structural organization 2

cellular level (whole or part of the cell); made up of molecules

structural organization 3

tissue level- made of cells with similar function

structural organization 4

organ level- different tissues make up organs

structural organization 5

organ system level- organ systems consist of different organs that work together closely

structural organization 6

organismal level- human organism made up of many organ systems

chemical level, cellular level, tissue level, organ level, organ system level, organismal level

hierarchy of structural organization

anatomical terminology

standardized terminology for all medical professionals; derived from ancient Greek and Latin

directional terminology

describing the position of one structure relative to another

superior

toward the head; above

inferior

away from the head; below

anterior

toward front of body

posterior

toward back of body

medial

toward midline

lateral

away from midline

proximal

closer to attachment point

distal

farther from attachment point

superficial

toward body surface

deep

away from body surface

ipsilateral

same side of body

contralateral

opposite side of body

frontal/coronal plane

plane splits to anterior and posterior

median plane

plane splits into lateral sides

transverse plane

plane splits into superior and inferior parts

dorsal body cavity

cranial cavity and vertebral cavity

ventral body cavity

thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity, pelvic cavity

cranial cavity

formed by cranial bones

contains and protects the brain

vertebral cavity

formed by bones of the vertebral column

contains and protects the spinal cord

meninges

layers of protective tissue that line the cranial and vertebral cavity

between bones and organs

thoracic cavity

right and left pleural cavity, mediastinum

covered by serous membrane

diaphragm

separate the thoracic and abdominal cavity

abdominal cavity

contains digestive viscera

pelvic cavity

contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum

mucous membranes

lines cavities that are open to outside environment

cells secrete mucous

oral, nasal cavities, vagina, anus

serous membranes

lines cavities that are closed to the outside environment

cells secrete serous fluid

covers organs in thoracic and abdominal cavities

visceral layer of serous membranes

touches the organ

parietal layer of serous membranes

touches the body wall

serous membranes

like a balloon/pillowcase

in between layers = fluid

slippery + oily for fluid

decrease friction around organs

pleura

serosae associated with the lungs

pericardium

serosae associated with the heart

peritoneum

serosae associated with the abdominal viscera