TLE ❤️

Hub

A connector that connects wires from different sides without signal processing or regeneration.

Passive Hubs

Connect nodes in a star configuration by collecting wiring from nodes.

Active Hubs

Amplify and regenerate incoming electrical signals before broadcasting them.

Intelligent Hubs

Provide additional network management facilities.

Switch

A point-to-point communication device that operates at the data link layer of the OSI model. It uses a switching table to find the correct destination.

Unmanaged Switch

Inexpensive switches commonly used in home networks and small businesses.

Managed Switch

Costly switches used in organizations with large and complex networks.

LAN Switch

Connects devices in the internal LAN of an organization, also known as Ethernet switches or data switches.

PoE Switch

Combines data and power transmission over the same cable, allowing devices to receive both electricity.

Router

Multiport devices that are more sophisticated than repeaters and bridges. They use routing tables to determine available routes.

Static Routing Table

Routes are manually fed and not refreshed automatically, suitable for small networks with 2-3 routers.

Dynamic Routing Table

Router communicates with other routers using routing protocols to determine available routes, suited for larger networks with a large number of routers.

Wireless Router

Provides WiFi connection for devices like laptops and smartphones.

Broadband Routers

Used to connect to the Internet through telephone and enable voice over.

Core Routers

Can route data packets within a given network but cannot route packets between networks.

Edge Routers

Low-capacity routers placed at the periphery of networks.

Brouters

Specialized routers that can provide the functionalities of bridges as well, transferring data between networks.

OSI Model

Describes seven layers used by computer systems to communicate over a network.

Application Layer

Used by end-user software such as web browsers and email clients, provides protocols for sending and receiving information.

Presentation Layer

Defines how devices should encode, encrypt, and compress data for correct reception.

Session Layer

Responsible for opening, maintaining, and closing sessions during data transfer.

Transport Layer

Breaks data into segments on the transmitting end and reassembles them on the receiving end.

Network Layer

Breaks segments into network packets and reassembles them, also responsible for routing packets.

Data Link Layer

Establishes and terminates connections between physically-connected nodes, breaks up packets into frames for transmission.

Physical Layer

Responsible for the physical cable or wireless connection between network nodes.

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)

Translates IP addresses to MAC addresses and vice versa for LAN endpoints to communicate.

Medium Access Control Address (MAC Address)

A device's physical hardware number consisting of 12 hexadecimal digits split into six pairs.

Border Gateway Protocol (BGP)

Connects one or multiple networks run by a single organization or provider to different networks.

Domain Name System (DNS)

Database that includes a website's domain name and its corresponding IP addresses.

Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)

Assigns IP addresses to network endpoints for communication over IP.

File Transfer Protocol (FTP)

Allows a client to request a file from a server. Runs over TCP/IP.

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

Works primarily over web browsers, provides access to websites when users enter a domain.

Internet Protocol (IP)

Splits data into packets for transmission and reassembles them at the receiving end.

Open Shortest Path First (OSPF)

Works with IP to send packets to their destinations.

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

Popular email protocol that controls how email clients send messages. Part of the TCP/IP suite.

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)

Arranges packets in order for delivery by IP.

User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

Works with IP to transmit time-sensitive data, enabling low-latency transmissions between internet applications.

IP Address

Unique identifying number assigned to every device connected to the internet.

Public IP Address

External-facing IP address used to connect a business or home network to an ISP.

Private IP Address

Internal-facing IP address assigned by an office or home intranet or ISP.

Static IP Address

Defined as static or dynamic, remains fixed and does not change.

Dynamic IP Address

Automatically assigned to a network when a router is set up, distributed by DHCP.