Stage 1 SACE Biology Topic 3

cardiovascular

- body system that consist of the heart,blood vessels, and blood
- also called circulatory system

heart

a hollow, muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body

atrium

each of the two upper chambers of the heart that receives blood that comes into the heart

ventricle

each of the two lower chambers of the heart that pumps blood out of the heart

aorta

- the largest artery in the body
- receives blood from the left ventricle

septum

the wall of tissue that separates the right side of the heart from the left side of the heart

pacemaker

a group of cells located in the right atrium that sends out signals that make the heart muscle contract and that regulate heart rate.

arteries

blood vessels that carrie blood away from the heart.

capillaries

tiny blood vessels where substances are exchanged between the blood and the body cells

veins

blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

pulse

the alternating expansion and relaxation of an artery wall as blood travels through an artery

blood pressure

the pressure that is exerted by the blood against the walls of blood vessels.

plasma

the liquid part of blood

red blood cells

a cell in the blood that takes up oxygen in the lungs and delivers it to cells elsewhere in the body.

hemoglobin

- an iron-containing protein that binds chemically to oxygen molecules
- makes up most of red blood cells

white blood cells

a blood cell that attacks "foreign" or harmful particles that are found in the bloodstream

Ingestion (eating), taking in nutrients.

What is the 1st stage of digestion?

platelets

cell fragments that play an important part in forming blood clots

lymphatic system

a network of veinlike vessels that returns the fluid that leaks out of blood vessels to the bloodstream

lymph nodes

a small knob of tissue in the lymphatic system that filters lymph, trapping bacteria and other microorganisms that cause disease

atherosclerosis

a condition in which an artery wall thickens as a result of the buildup of fatty materials

heart attack

a condition in which blood flow to part of the heart muscle is blocked, causing heart cells to die

hypertension

a disorder in which a person's blood pressure is consistently higher than normal;also called high blood pressure.

What are the four components of blood?

1. Plasma
2.red blood cells
3.white blood cells
4. Platelets

List three things to keep your cardiovascular system stay healthy

1. Exercise
2. Diet
3. Avoid smoking, drugs and excessive drinking

What does the circulatory sytstem consist of?

1. heart
2. blood vessels
3. blood

What three functions does the cardiovascular system perform

1. Delivering needed materials
2. Removing waste products
3. fighting disease

Explain the patterns of blood flow

* Overall pattern of blood flow is something like figure eight
1. First loop blood travels from the heart to the lungs and then back to the heart
2. Second loop, blood is pumped from the heart thoughout the body and then returns again to the heart.

Where does the blood go in each?

Loop One:
1. right atrium
2.right ventricle
3.lungs
4.capillaries
Loop Two:
1. left atrium
2.left ventricle
3.pumped into aorta
4. tiny capillaries---Travels to parts of body (brain,liver,legs)

What causes blood pressure?

1. The force with which the ventricles contract

In which direction do your arteries carry blood?

1. Right ventricle pumps blood into the lungs
2. Left ventricle pumps blood to the aorta
Note. arteries always go away from the heart.

What is the function of capillaries in the body?

- capillaries are where materials are exhanged between the blood and the body's cells. Such as oxygen and glucose

What function does the heart perform?

1. The heart pumps blood throughout the body.

How do enzymes catalyze reactions?

by lowering the activation energy required for the reaction to occur

True or False: Enzymes start chemical reactions.

FALSE. Enzymes don't start reactions- they SPEED UP reactions that would occur eventually.

Enzyme substrate

The reactant that an enzyme acts on

The enzyme binds to its substrate, forming what?

Enzyme-substrate complex

What is the active site?

The active site is the region on the enzyme where the substrate binds.

True or false: Enzymes fit with any shape of molecules.

FALSE. Each substrate/reactant has a unique shape. The have a specific substrate the work on

An enzyme's activity can be affected by what three factors?

Temperature, pH and Concentration of the Substrate

Each enzyme has an optimal _________ and _________ in which it can function.

Temperature / pH

Some enzymes reside in specific organelles, such as...

Enzymes for cellular respiration are located in mitochondria

The names of enzymes mostly end in

" ASE" Protease
Exception: Pepsin

Amylase enzyme works on what substrate?

Starch in the human mouth

Lactase works on what substrate?

Lactose in the human small intestine

Pepsin works on what substrate?

Protein in the human stomach

Catalse works on what substrate?

Blood and human cells creating H2O2 Hydrogen Peroxide

Lysomsomes

Contain enzymes that digest waste and damaged organelles so the cell can dispose of them

Activation Energy

The energy required to initiate a reaction.

Optimal Enzyme Temperature Graph

The temperature at which each enzyme specifically works at. In this graph it is 37 degrees C or 98.6 degrees F.

to Denature (verb)

to destroy the characteristic properties of (a protein or other biological macromolecule) by heat, acidity, or other effects that disrupt its molecular conformation.

Lock and Key Model

Enzymes are specific. The only wok on the substrate that they "fit." Just like a lock has a specific key to open it.

Nasal passages

The hollow spaces in the nose through which air flows from the nostril to the pharynx, responsible for filtering, moistening and warming air.

Mouth

starting point of the digestive system and secondary starting point of the respiratory system after the nasal passage. Has a tongue that helps to shape sounds produced in the larynx.

Larynx

the area of the throat that contains the vocal cords and produces vocal sounds.

Lung

organs through which an animal gets oxygen from the air.

Bronchus

one of the two tubes (bronchi is plural) that connect the lungs with the trachea.

Diaphragm

a dome-shaped muscle beneath the lungs that helps with breathing.

Pharynx

a passage from the mouth to the larynx and esphogus.

Trachea

the tube that connects the larynx to the lungs.

Bronchiole

Airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

Alveoli

any of the tiny air sacs of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.

Total capacity

the total amount of air your lungs can hold.

Vital capacity

the amount of air you can forcibly exhale from your lungs.

Residual capacity

the total amount of air remaining in your lungs after forcibly exhaling.

Cellular respiration

Is the process by which all living cells convert glucose (food) into ATP (energy).

Mitochondria/Cytoplasm

Site of cellular respiration.

All living organisms

are organisms that go through cellular respiration.

Cytoplasm

site of anaerobic respiration

Alcoholic Fermentation

Plants, yeast, and some micro-organisms break down pyruvic acid without oxygen to make 2 ATP and alcohol

Lactic Acid Fermentation

Animals (muscle cells) will break down pyruvic acid without oxygen to make 2 ATP and lactic acid.

Aerobic Respiration

Requires the use of oxygen.

Anaerobic Respiration

Does not require the use of oxygen

Krebs cycle

Occurs in the matrix, part of the mitochondria. Creates hydrogen ions that will later be used in the electron transport chain. The total number of ATP produced in this process is 2 ATP.

Electron Transport Chain

Occurs in the cristae part of the mitochondria. The total number of ATP produced is 32 ATP

2 ATP

total number of ATP from glycolysis

34 ATP

Total number of ATP produced in aerobic respiration

36 ATP

Total number of ATP produced for cellular respiration

Equation for respiration

(Note 36 ATP)

Three steps to respiration

Glycolysis
Kreb cycle
ETC (electron transport chain )

Energy source made in respiration

36 ATP

What does photosynthesis use from respiration

Co2 and H20

Reactants of respiration

oxygen and glucose

Products of respiration

CO2, H2O, and 36 ATP

Example of anaerobic respiration

Glycolysis
Alcoholic Fermentation
Lactic Acid Fermentation

Anaerobic respiration occurs in the

Cytoplasm 2 ATP

Examples of Aerobic respiration

Krebs cycle
ETC

Produces hydrogen that will be later used

Krebs cycle

Process that takes hydrogen from Krebs to produces ATP

ETC

ETC occur in the

Cristae

Total number of ATP produced from ETC

32 ATP

Subatomic particle that stores energy

Electron

Specifically created by glycolysis

2 pryovic acid or pryovatic and 2 ATP

Were is energy stored?

Phosphate bonds

salivary amylase

Enzyme in the mouth that helps break down carbohydrates

bile

A secretion of the liver that emulsifies fats, preparing them for further digestion and absorption in the small intestine

Peristalsis

Involuntary waves of muscle contraction that keep food moving along in one direction through the digestive system.

Lipase

An enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of fats and other lipids into individual fatty acids that can be absorbed into the bloodstream

mechanical digestion

Part of digestion that uses movement and muscles to break down food

oesophagus

A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach.