Wrap up 1

Functional group consisting of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom ($-OH$), highly polar and capable of forming hydrogen bonds

Hydroxyl group

Nonpolar hydrocarbon functional group ($-CH_3$) that affects gene expression and molecular shape

Methyl group

Acidic functional group ($-COOH$) that donates a hydrogen ion ($H^+$) to become negatively charged ($-COO^-$)

Carboxyl group

Basic functional group ($-NH_2$) found in amino acids that accepts a hydrogen ion ($H^+$) to become $-NH_3^+$

Amino group

Functional group ($-SH$) found in cysteine that forms disulfide bonds essential for protein tertiary structure

Sulfhydryl group

Negatively charged, highly polar group ($-PO_4^{3-}$) located at the $5'$ end of nucleotides

Phosphate group

Property of water that enables evaporative cooling through sweating

High heat of vaporization

Structural explanation for why solid ice floats on liquid water

Water expands upon freezing as hydrogen bonds lock molecules into a rigid, open crystalline lattice, making solid ice less dense than liquid water

Core principle of molecular biology detailing the flow of genetic information

Central Dogma ($DNA \rightarrow RNA \rightarrow Protein$)

Process of synthesizing mRNA from a DNA template strand

Transcription

Process of synthesizing a protein amino acid chain from mRNA

Translation

Three structural components of a DNA nucleotide

A nitrogenous base ($A$, $T$, $C$, or $G$), a deoxyribose sugar, and a phosphate group

Nitrogenous base present in RNA that replaces thymine ($T$)

Uracil ($U$)

Direction in which RNA polymerase reads the DNA template strand during transcription

$3'$ to $5'$ direction

Direction in which mRNA is synthesized during transcription

$5'$ to $3'$ direction

Primary translation start codon and the amino acid it encodes

$AUG$ (codes for Methionine)

The three mRNA translation stop codons

$UAA$, $UAG$, and $UGA$

Cellular locations of transcription and translation in eukaryotic cells

Transcription occurs in the nucleus; translation occurs in the cytoplasm or on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Primary role of tRNA during translation

Transports specific amino acids to the ribosome based on codon-anticodon pairing

Type of membrane transport moving substances against their concentration gradient requiring energy ($ATP$)

Active transport

Stoichiometry of ion movement performed by the sodium-potassium ($Na^+/K^+$) pump per cycle

Pumps $3\,Na^+$ ions out of the cell and $2\,K^+$ ions into the cell using one molecule of $ATP$

Mechanism of action by which tetrodotoxin (TTX) disrupts nerve impulse transmission

Blocks voltage-gated sodium ($Na^+$) channels, interfering with action potentials