Families In Canada Exam

Authoritarian

Holds high expectations for their child. A strong leader with clear rules in home, and discipline is fair and consistent. Expecting a child to accept their decisions as a parent as there is little to no room for negotiations from the child, and the rules are not usually explained.

Authoritative

Have clear guidelines for their expectations and always give a reason. Disciplinary methods are used as a support rather than punishment. Children have input on their dreams and expectations, and parents have appropriate input. This is the healthiest parenting style.

Permissive

Permissive parents tend to be warm and nurturing and usually have minimal expectations. They impose limited rules on their children. Communication remains open, but parents allow their children to figure things out for themselves. These low levels of expectation usually result in rare uses of discipline. They act more like friends than parents. 

Parent-Child Relationships

The parent-child relationship has a profound impact on the development of a child physically, socially, emotionally, and spiritually. This can affect the child’s sense of self, behavior, interactions with others, perception of the world around them

Attachment Theory

Babies are equipped with a set of built-in behaviors, or innate signals, that keep parent nearby. To form a close relationship with their caregiver, and such a bond develops during the first six months of a child’s life

Purpose of the “Surrogate Mother” experiment

To study the nature of attachment and how it affects monkeys who were deprived of their mothers early life. In 1950, HARRY HARLOW did a series of experiments on baby monkey, taking away their biological moms and replacing them with a wire and cloth monkey

MARY AINSWORTH: Measurring Attachment

The strange Situation experiment was to test the anxiety levels and behavior when infants were separated from their mother and when interacting with strangers

Public Adoption

Public adoptions are adoptions of children in the permanent care of children’s aid societies, known as children in extended society care.

• No cost

There is no set waiting period. Each adoption process is unique and the time it takes varies for each child and family.

Once you are approved to adopt by a children’s aid society it’s likely to take six months to two years or longer for you to be matched with a child.

Private Adoption

A private domestic adoption is an adoption that is facilitated by either a licensed private adoption agency or a licensed individual

If you are interested in adopting a child, you need a private adoption practitioner who will conduct a home study to assess your skills and readiness to raise an adopted child and supervise all private adoption placements

Adoption licensees charge fees for their services, generally $15,000-$30,000. There are additional fees for a home study assessment and parent training programs.

The time it takes to complete the adoption process varies depending on how long it takes, to complete a home study assessment, to match a child with a prospective adoptive family and for the child and adoptive family to adjust during the adoption placement period

International Adoption

orphaned/abandoned children from outside of Canada to find a home who did not have the opportunity within their own country. Children who are related to you can be put with extended family in Ontario through international adoption if it is best for the child.

An agency or individual usually charge 20,000 to 50,000

Depending on the country of origin, it may take two years or longer.

They range from infants to school age, that can also have siblings

Adoption of step-child or relative

Transition to Parenthood: Three Challenges

Relationship Changes (Friends, Family, Etc), Financial Situation, Decrease in marital satisfaction after birth of child

Dysfunctional Families

Dysfunction in a family can be caused by many things: ie.  Sick parent/child, mental illness in a family member, missing parent, death of child, etc. Anytime something concentrates the entire focus of the family on one member, this leads to dysfunction.

Issues Facing Families: Infertility

Occurs when a couple wants to have children but cannot conceive naturally. Emotions are similar to grieving a death, Loss of fulfilling a dream, Mourn “what could have been”. Feelings of guilt, sadness, loss of control, anger, isolation, depression.

Issues Facing Families: Divorce

Divorce impacts many Canadian families; impacts 40-50% of families. Priority to determine a custody and financial arrangement that is in the best interest of the children. Parenting through a separation/divorce is a challenging process. Can cause economic strain, children are often witness to parental conflict and adjustments to new arrangements (living arrangements, family dynamics, etc)

Issues Facing Families: Poverty

Adults who live in poverty experience worse health outcomes, including higher mortality rates and increased risk of mental health conditions (e.g. depression, substance use disorders).

Parent-Child relationships

Children who don’t receive proper stimulation during the early years may suffer from a deficit that is difficult to make up later in life. However, later intervention with good parenting skills can help improve the lives of all children. There is not a “window of opportunity” that once shut, is closed forever. It’s important to remember that good parenting needs to continue throughout children's lives to make a significant, impact on their overall development. Children who have had a difficult start in life are not doomed. forever, and good parenting.

Age of Majority

The age at which you legally become an adult— in Canada, 18 years.

Family of Origin

Biological or adoptive family.

Family of Procreation

Family of procreation refers to the family that we create by getting married and having or adopting children.

Autonomous Self

Term used by Jane Loevinger to to describe a self-reliant person who accepts oneself and others as being multifaceted and unique.

Social Clock

Sets the timetable for society's expectations concerning when certain events should occur in the lives of individuals.

Cohort Effect

The idea suggested by Leonard Pearlin that changes in behavior result from socialized responses to changes in social expectations rather than from age-limited inner changes. Similar people moving through similar experiences throughout life.

5 markers of transition to adulthood

- leaving school
- leaving parents' home
- having full time work
- entering conjugal relationships
- having children

Reasons for delayed transition to adulthood

- young adults want to and are expected to continue schooling beyond secondary school for economic reasons; because of this they marry and have kids at an older age. Tuition fees make them rely on their parents. More part time employment, less wages, increased housing prices.
- all of the contribute to needing two incomes in order to own a home; many continue to live at home because they have to pay off their education
- cultural factors may have encouraged continued co-residence with parents
- costs of childcare influence women's return to work after having children

Why is it believed that life is harder for young adults today, compared to the past?

- tuition fees are significantly higher
- average cost of a car is higher but proportionate to income
- average price of a house is higher and gap between income and price of a house is MUCH larger
- financial self-sufficiency is impossible without taking breaks from school to work

Erik Erikson: Identity vs Role Confusion

- Task is to define WHO YOU ARE and WHO YOU WILL BE IN THE FUTURE
- There are many DECISIONS to be made during this time that will impact on the future
- Until they find out who they are, adolescents and young adults will remain CONFUSED about the role they'll play in adulthood
- By resolving the dilemma, individuals acquire the strength of fidelity— the ability to live by society's standards

Erik Erikson: Intimacy vs Isolation

- INTIMACY is being able to merge yourself with another without losing yourself
- Intimacy is the ability to trust a person enough to reveal your personal thoughts and feelings to them
- Includes relationships with all people
- Erickson believes that relationships would be shallow without an identity — you need to know who you are

Reigel's Dimensions of Development: Internal Psychological Dimensions

Emotional maturity, independence, maturity of mental processes

Reigel's Dimensions of Development: Internal Biological Dimension

physical and sexual maturity

Reigel's Dimensions of Development: External Cultural-Sociological Dimension

Expectations and opportunities defined by society

Reigel's Dimensions of Development: External Environmental Dimension

Physical, economic, and political environment in which one lives

According to Reigel, how does development occur?

- development occurs as individuals adjust in response to the interaction of both internal and external changes

- development occurs when a change in one dimensions requires an adjustment in one or more of the other dimensions

Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development: Conformist Stage

view life in simple stereotypical ways

Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development: Self-Aware Stage

begin to understand and accept individual differences

Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development: Conscientious Stage

able to appreciate others as individuals

Three Tasks of the Young Adult

- forming an identity separate from family of origin
- making a commitment to career or workplace role
- developing intimate relationships with peers outside of family

4 Elements that Leonard Pearlin described in his Theory of Psychological Distress

- individual characteristics
- range of skills an individual had for coping with stress
- availability of social support networks
- nature and timing of stress that requires response

Eight Stages of Life

A theory developed by Erik Erikson. A person will go through a dilemma that will lead them to self identification and self-discovery

Eight Stages of Life: Identity vs Role Confusion

Making choices that aid with the growth of their needs, strengths, and interest of themselves, and others

Eight Stages of Life: Identity vs Isolation

Being able to form relationships and merge your identity with others. It shows your ability to trust people enough to show your personal thoughts and feelings

Eight Stages of Life: Generativity versus Stagnation

Contributing to society, and acquire the basic strength of caring

Anthropology

The study of humans

Psychology

the scientific study of behavior and mental processes

Sociology

the study of human society

functional requisites

Basic functions that must be carried out for societies to survive and thrive

What are the basic functions of family (Zimmermans)

• physical maintenance and care of family members;

• addition of new members through adoption or procreation;

• socialization of children;

• social control of its members;

• production, consumption and distribution of goods and services; and.

• affective nurturance (love).

theoretical perspective

a set of assumptions accepted as true

How has family changed over time?

Over time, families have changed when it comes to roles in the family. For example, stay at home dads.

What is structural functionalism?

focuses broadly on social structures that shape society as a whole. Education, health care, family, legal system, economy, and religion.

What is dysfunction?

When something in society isn't working properly (structural functionalism)

what are the limitations of structural functionalism?

outdated gender norms, doesn't look at your class (socioeconomic)

What is systems theory?

Systems theory views human behavior though larger contexts, such as members of families, communities, and broader society. - when one thing changes within a system, the whole system is affected.

what are the limitations of systems theory?

doesn't look at economy or government

What is symbolic interactionism?

it involves personal perception and how your relationships shape your personality

what are the limitations of symbolic interactionism?

it ignores larger social structures

what is developmental theory?

a systematic statement of general principles that provides a framework for understanding how and why people change as they grow older

what are the limitations of developmental theory?

people may not follow the typical life cycle or go through changes as expected.

what is social exchange theory?

it is a cost-benefit analysis of your relationships and within your role you want to maximize benefit and minimize costs.

what are the limitations of social exchange theory?

some find the approach selfish or offensive

What is conflict theory?

idea that large ineqal groups are at odds with eachother and will conflict until resolution (which is an equal society)

what are the limitations of conflict theory?

It fails to recognize individual variation

What is feminist theory?

To understand the status of women in society and with the purpose to use that knowledge to better women's lives from a female perspective

What is androcentricity?

approaching an issue from a male perspective

what are the limitations of feminist theory?

looks at the society that characters live within instead of individuals

what is the "looking glass self?"

a self-image based on how we think others see us

Who introduced the idea of the "looking glass self?"

Charles Cooley

What theory applies the "looking glass self?"

symbolic interactionalism

Which theory says that we need cost effective relationships to be happy?

social exchange theory

What are developmental tasks?

events that need to happen in order for a person to continue growing toward becoming a healthy, mature adult

what are examples of developmental tasks?

potty training, walking, talking, going to school, etc.

What do biased assumptions lead to?

Leads to directions that we don't expect and we may disagree with it if we knew it would nudge us this way

Conflict theory was founded by who?

Karl Max

what is gender socialization?

the process of learning the social expectations and attitudes associated with one's sex

What is a radical feminist?

argue that males exploit women due to difference in power

Age of Majority

The age at which you legally become an adult— in Canada, 18 years.

Family of Origin

Biological or adoptive family.

Family of Procreation

Family of procreation refers to the family that we create by getting married and having or adopting children.

Autonomous Self

Term used by Jane Loevinger to to describe a self-reliant person who accepts oneself and others as being multifaceted and unique.

Social Clock

Sets the timetable for society's expectations concerning when certain events should occur in the lives of individuals.

Cohort Effect

The idea suggested by Leonard Pearlin that changes in behavior result from socialized responses to changes in social expectations rather than from age-limited inner changes. Similar people moving through similar experiences throughout life.

5 markers of transition to adulthood

- leaving school
- leaving parents' home
- having full time work
- entering conjugal relationships
- having children

Reasons for delayed transition to adulthood

- young adults want to and are expected to continue schooling beyond secondary school for economic reasons; because of this they marry and have kids at an older age. Tuition fees make them rely on their parents. More part time employment, less wages, increased housing prices.
- all of the contribute to needing two incomes in order to own a home; many continue to live at home because they have to pay off their education
- cultural factors may have encouraged continued co-residence with parents
- costs of childcare influence women's return to work after having children

Why is it believed that life is harder for young adults today, compared to the past?

- tuition fees are significantly higher
- average cost of a car is higher but proportionate to income
- average price of a house is higher and gap between income and price of a house is MUCH larger
- financial self-sufficiency is impossible without taking breaks from school to work

Erik Erikson: Identity vs Role Confusion

- Task is to define WHO YOU ARE and WHO YOU WILL BE IN THE FUTURE
- There are many DECISIONS to be made during this time that will impact on the future
- Until they find out who they are, adolescents and young adults will remain CONFUSED about the role they'll play in adulthood
- By resolving the dilemma, individuals acquire the strength of fidelity— the ability to live by society's standards

Erik Erikson: Intimacy vs Isolation

- INTIMACY is being able to merge yourself with another without losing yourself
- Intimacy is the ability to trust a person enough to reveal your personal thoughts and feelings to them
- Includes relationships with all people
- Erickson believes that relationships would be shallow without an identity — you need to know who you are

Reigel's Dimensions of Development: Internal Psychological Dimensions

Emotional maturity, independence, maturity of mental processes

Reigel's Dimensions of Development: Internal Biological Dimension

physical and sexual maturity

Reigel's Dimensions of Development: External Cultural-Sociological Dimension

Expectations and opportunities defined by society

Reigel's Dimensions of Development: External Environmental Dimension

Physical, economic, and political environment in which one lives

According to Reigel, how does development occur?

- development occurs as individuals adjust in response to the interaction of both internal and external changes

- development occurs when a change in one dimensions requires an adjustment in one or more of the other dimensions

Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development: Conformist Stage

view life in simple stereotypical ways

Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development: Self-Aware Stage

begin to understand and accept individual differences

Loevinger's Theory of Ego Development: Conscientious Stage

able to appreciate others as individuals

Three Tasks of the Young Adult

- forming an identity separate from family of origin
- making a commitment to career or workplace role
- developing intimate relationships with peers outside of family

4 Elements that Leonard Pearlin described in his Theory of Psychological Distress

- individual characteristics
- range of skills an individual had for coping with stress
- availability of social support networks
- nature and timing of stress that requires response

Eight Stages of Life

A theory developed by Erik Erikson. A person will go through a dilemma that will lead them to self identification and self-discovery

Eight Stages of Life: Identity vs Role Confusion

Making choices that aid with the growth of their needs, strengths, and interest of themselves, and others

Eight Stages of Life: Identity vs Isolation

Being able to form relationships and merge your identity with others. It shows your ability to trust people enough to show your personal thoughts and feelings

Eight Stages of Life: Generativity versus Stagnation

Contributing to society, and acquire the basic strength of caring