Chapter 12: European Society in the Age of the Renaissance

Renaissance Italians

________ had a passionate attachment to their individual city- states: political loyalty and feeling centered on the city.

Raphael Sanzio

________ (1483- 1520), another Florentine, got the commission for frescoes in the papal apartments, and in his relatively short life he painted hundreds of portraits and devotional images, becoming the most sought- after artist in Europe.

Giorgio Vasari

________ was the first to use the word Renaissance in print, but he was not the first to feel that something was being reborn.

Thomas More

Better known by contemporaries than ________ was the Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus (1466 ?- 1536) of Rotterdam.

French invasion

The ________ inaugurated a new period in Italian and European power politics.

Gutenberg

________ was not the only one to recognize the huge market for books, and his invention was quickly copied.

thirteenth century

The word class- as in working class, middle class, and upper class- was not used in the Renaissance to describe social divisions, but by the ________, and even more so by the fifteenth, the idea of a hierarchy based on wealth was emerging.

Germany

Printing with movable metal type developed in ________ in the 1440s as a combination of existing technologies.

Spain

In Portugal, ________, and Italy slaves supplemented the labor force in virtually all occupations- as servants, agricultural laborers, craftsmen, and seamen on ships going to Lisbon and Africa.

Black Death

The ________ and the Hundred Years War left France drastically depopulated, commercially ruined, and agriculturally weak.

Navarre

By the middle of the fifteenth century, the kingdoms of Castile and Aragon dominated the weaker ________, Portugal, and Granada; and the Iberian Peninsula, with the exception of Granada, had been won for Christianity.

Granada

In 1492, shortly after the conquest of ________, Isabella and Ferdinand issued an edict expelling all practicing Jews from Spain.

Henry VII

When ________ died in 1509, he left a country at peace both domestically and internationally, a substantially augmented treasury, an expanding wool trade, and a crown with its dignity and role much enhanced.

Cicero

________ had lived during the turbulent era when Julius Caesar and other powerful generals transformed the Roman Republic into an empire.

seventeenth centuries

In the sixteenth and ________ The Courtier was translated into most European languages and widely read.

Merchant elites

________ made citizenship in the communes dependent on a property qualification, years of residence within the city, and social connections.

Isabella

Although Ferdinand and ________ (r. 1474- 1516) pursued a common foreign policy, until about 1700 Spain existed as a loose confederation of separate kingdoms, each maintaining its own cortes (parliament), laws, courts, and systems of coinage and taxation.

Florentine merchants

________ also loaned and invested money, and they acquired control of papal banking toward the end of the thirteenth century.

Florentine

In the fifteenth century ________ humanists became increasingly interested in Greek philosophy as well as Roman literature, especially in the ideas of Plato.

Edward IV

________ and subsequently the Tudors, except Henry VIII, conducted foreign policy on the basis of diplomacy, avoiding expensive wars.

patterns of consumption

In addition to power, art reveals changing ________ among the wealthy elite in European society.

fifteenth century Venice

At the end of the ________, Florence, Milan, and the papacy possessed great wealth and represented high cultural achievement.

Florence

In the fifteenth century five powers dominated the Italian peninsula: Venice, Milan, ________, the Papal States, and the kingdom of Naples.

medieval conception

In the Middle Ages people believed that only God created, albeit through individuals; the ________ recognized no particular value in artistic originality.

Joanna

In 1496 Ferdinand and Isabella married their second daughter, ________, heiress to Castile, to the archduke Philip, heir to the Burgundian Netherlands and the Holy Roman Empire.

English humanist Thomas More

The ________ (1478- 1535) began life as a lawyer, studied the classics, and entered government service.

literacy of laypeople

Printing also stimulated the ________ and eventually came to have a deep effect on their private lives.

twelfth century Venice

By the middle of the ________, supported by a huge merchant marine, had grown enormously rich through overseas trade, as had Genoa and Milan, which had their own sizable fleets.

government of Henry IV

The aristocracy dominated the ________ (r. 1399- 1413) and indulged in disruptive violence at the local level, fighting each other, seizing wealthy travelers for ransom, and plundering merchant caravans.

powerful merchant

In the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries the signori in many cities and the most ________ oligarchs in others transformed their households into courts.

Yorkist Edward IV

The ________ (r. 1461- 1483) began establishing domestic tranquillity.

Humanism

________ was the main intellectual component of the Renaissance.

Anti Semitic pogroms

________ swept the towns of Spain, and perhaps 40 percent of the Jewish population was killed or forced to convert.

Savonarola

________ became the political and religious leader of a new Florentine republic and promised Florentines even greater glory in the future if they would reform their ways.

marriage of Louis XII

The ________ (r. 1498- 1515) and Anne of Brittany added the large western duchy of Brittany to the state.

Spain

In the fourteenth century anti- Semitism in ________ was aggravated by fiery anti- Jewish preaching, by economic dislocation, and by the search for a scapegoat during the Black Death.

Henry VII

________ did summon several meetings of Parliament in the early years of his reign, primarily to confirm laws, but the center of royal authority was the royal council, which governed at the national level.