Tissues

Anatomy

-study of structure and relationship between body parts

Physiology

-the science of how those come together to function, and keep the body alive

Anatomie

Old French of the word Anatomy

Anatomia

Late Latin of the word Anatomy

Ana - Up, Tomia - Cutting

Greek term for the word of Anatomy

Physiologia

Latin of the word Physiology

Phusiologia

Greek word of Physiology meaning “Natural Philosophy”

Cell

-basic unit of life

Tissue

-group of similar cells

Organs

-made of multiple tissue types

Organ Systems

-multiple organs working together

Organism

-the complete human body

Homeostasis

-the body’s ability to maintain a stable internal environment despite external changes

Anterior / Ventral

-front side of the body

Posterior / Dorsal

-back side of the body

Superior / Cranial

-above; towards the head

Inferior / Caudal

-below; towards the feet

Medial

-towards the midline of the body

Lateral

-away from the midline

Proximal

-closer to the point of origin (usually trunk)

Distal

-farther from the point origin

Axial Region

-central axis around which the rest of the body is built

Appendicular Region

-allows movement and interaction with the environment

Sagittal Plane

-divides the body left and right

Frontal / Coronal Plane

-divides the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

Transverse / Horizontal Plane

-divides the body into superior (top) and inferior (bottom) parts

Oblique Plane

-diagonal cut between horizontal and vertical planed

Histology

-study of tissues

Tissues

-group of similar cells, forms the building blocks of organs and organ systems

Carmine

-red dye made of scaled crushed up imsects, used to stain tissues to examine cell structures

Four Primary Tissue Types

Nervous, Muscle, Epithelial, Connective

Nervous Tissue

-functions to sense stimuli and send electrical impulses thru the body, made of neurons and glial cells

Neurons

-functions to generate and conduct the electrochemical nerve impulses (thinkinh, eating, etc.)

Glial Cells

-provides support, insulation, protection, and fuses to blood cells

Dendrites

-collects signal from other cells and sends signals back to the cell body

Axon

-carries the messages to other neurons, muscles, and glands

Nervous System

-composed of the brain, spinal cord, main role is to relay messages between CNS and the body’s muscles, organs, and senses

Muscle Tissue

-contract and movement

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

-multinucleate parallel cells, attaches to all of the bones in the skeleton supporting the body and posture, with intercalated disks

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

-uninucleate, its regular contraction is what propells blood to the circulatory system

Intercalated Disks

-hold muscles together during contraction

Smooth Muscle Tissue

-short tapered cells, no striations, functions to squeeze substances thru a contraction

Avascular

-tissues with no blood vessels/blood flow

Epithelial Tissue

-type of body tissue that forms coverings and linings throughout the body

Primary/Proper Epithelium

-covers and lines the outer and inner body, protects the whole body

Glandular Epithelium

-forms glands and secretes hormones and othe substances, found in glands and tissues

How to Classify Epithelial Cells

-shape of the individual cells and the number of layers that they form in

Three Basic Shapes of Epithelial Cells

-squamous, cuboidal, columnar

Squamous Cells

-flat shape, flat nucleus, fast absorption and diffusion

Cuboidal Cells

-cube cell shape, spherical nucleus, absorbs nutrients and produces secretions like sweat for example

Columnar Cells

-column shaped with hexagonal cross-sections, eliptical nucleus, absorp nutrients and secretions, found in the respiratory, digestive, genitourinary systems, and the endocrine glands

Types of Layering of the Epithelial Tissue

-simple, stratified, pseudostratified

Simple Epithelium

-one layer of cells

Stratified Epithelium

-multiple layers of cells on top of each other like bricks

Pseudostratified Epithelium

-mostly one layered, but is formed with cells of different shapes and sizes

How to Name an Epithelial Tissue

-number of layers, shape of cells (Simple Squamous Epithelium)

Endocrine Glands

-secrete hormones directly into the blood stream or to nearby cells

Exocrine Glands

-secrete their juices into tubes or ducts that lead to the outside of the body

Transitional Epithelium

-accomodates the flunctations in the volume of fluid in an organ, protects against caustic effects of urine, lining of urinary bladder, appear cuboidal when organ’s not stretched and squamous when stretched by fluid